Tidal Wave: How Women Changed America at Century's End (49 page)

⁷⁴
Audre Lorde, “The Role of Difference.”

⁷⁵
Seventh Annual the Scholar and the Feminist Conference at Barnard, New York City, April 12, 1980. Topic: “Class, Race and Sex—Exploring Contradictions, Affirming Connection,”
off our backs
, vol. 10, no. 6 (June 1980): 10.

⁷⁶
See, for example, Jane Gallop, Around 1981: Academic Feminist Literary Theory (London and New York: Routledge, 1992).

⁷⁷
For an excellent anthology of theoretical writings from the U.S., Britain, and France, see Sandra Kemp and Judith Squires, eds.,
Feminisms
(Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1997); quotes from Introduction, p. 7.

⁷⁸
For one of the strongest assertions that the category “women” carries an underlying, and dangerous, essentialism, see Denise Riley,
Am I that Name? Feminism and the Category of “Women” in History
(New York: Macmillan, 1988).

⁷⁹
See Bonnie Thornton Dill, “Race, Class, and Gender: Prospects for an All Inclusive Sisterhood,”
Feminist Studies
, vol. 9, no. 1 (Spring 1983): 131-150; Maria C. Lugones and Elizabeth V. Spelman, “Have We Got a Theory for You! Feminist Theory, Cultural Imperialism, and the Demand for ‘The Woman’s Voice,’”
Women’s Studies International Forum
, vol. 6, no. 6 (1983): 573-581; Audre Lorde,
Sister Outsider
(Trumansburg, NY: Crossing Press, 1984); Gloria T. Hull, Patricia Bell Scott, and Barbara Smith, eds.,
All The Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, but Some of Us Are Brave
(Old Westbury, CT: Feminist Press, 1982);
Conditions: Five, the Black Women’s Issue
, vol. 2, no. 2 (Autumn 1979); Beverly Smith with Judith Stein and Priscilla Golding, “The Possibility of Life Between Us: A Dialogue Between Black and Jewish Women,”
Conditions: Seven
, vol. 3, no. 1 (Spring 1981): 25-46; Bell Hooks,
Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center
(Boston: South End Press, 1984); Cherrie Moraga and Gloria Anzaldua, eds.,
This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color
(Watertown, NY: Persephone Press, 1981); Elly Bulkin, Minnie Bruce Pratt, and Barbara Smith,
Yours in Struggle: Three Feminist Perspectives on Anti-Semitism and Racism
(Brooklyn: Long Haul Press, 1984); Marilyn Frye,
The Politics of Reality: Essays in Feminist. Theory
(Trumansburg, NY: Crossing Press, 1983).

⁸⁰
Moraga and Anzaldua,
This Bridge Called My Back
.

⁸¹
Bernice Johnson Reagon, “Coalition Politics: Turning the Century,” in Barbara Smith, ed.,
Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology
(New York: Kitchen Table Press, 1983), p. 357.

⁸²
Cherrie Moraga quoted in “This Bridge Moves Feminists,”
oob
, vol. 12, no. 4 (April 1982): 5.

⁸³
Suzanne Staggenborg, “Can Feminist Organizations Be Effective?” in Myra Marx Ferree and Patricia Yancey Martin, eds.,
Feminist Organizations: Harvest of the New Women’s Movement
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), pp. 339-355.

⁸⁴
See Kath Weston,
Families We Choose: Lesbians, Gays, Kinship
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), and
Render Me, Gender Me: Lesbians Talk Sex, Class, Color, Nation, Studmuffins
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1996).

⁸⁵
Carolyn Merchant, “Earthcare,”
Environment
, vol. 23, no. 5 (June 1981): 11.

⁸⁶
Ibid.

⁸⁷
See Rosemary Radford Reuther,
New Woman? New Earth: Sexist Ideologies and Human Liberation
(New York: Seabury Press, 1975); Mary Daly,
Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1978); Susan Griffin,
Woman and Nature: The Roaring Inside Her
(New York: Harper & Row, 1978); Nancy Choderow,
The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978). For this analysis of the origins and evolution of ecofeminism I am indebted to Catronia Sandilands,
The Good-Natured Feminist: Ecofeminism and the Quest for
Democracy
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), chapter 1, “A Genealogy of Ecofeminism,” pp. 3-27. See also Carolyn Merchant,
Earthcare: Women and the Environment
(New York: Routledge, 1995).

⁸⁸
Susan Griffin,
Woman and Nature
, p. 227.

⁸⁹
Ynestra King, “The Eco-feminist Imperative (May 1981),” in Leonie Caldecott and Stephanie Leland, eds.,
Reclaim the Earth: Women Speak out for Life on Earth
(London: Women’s Press, 1993), quoted in Sandilands,
The Good-Natured Feminist
, p. 15.

⁹⁰
See, for example, Charlene Spretnak, ed.,
The Politics of Women’s Spirituality
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday/Anchor, 1982); Starhawk,
Truth or Dare: Encounters with Power, Authority and Mystery
(New York: Harper & Row, 1987).

⁹¹
See Lindsy Van Gelder, “It’s Not Nice to Mess with Mother Nature,”
Ms.
, vol. 17, nos. 7, 8 (January/February, 1989): 60-63.

⁹²
Louise Krasniewicz,
Nuclear Summer: The Clash of Communities at Seneca Women’s Peace Encampment
(New York: Cornell University Press, 1992).

⁹³
Riane Tennenhaus Eisler,
The Chalice and the Blade: Our History, Our Future
(Cambridge, MA: Harper & Row, 1987).

⁹⁴
“In Worship, Methodists Want Tradition,”
Washington Post
, June 18, 1990, G-7.

⁹⁵
The Vatican refused to allow these translations to be used in Catholic liturgies in the United States (see Fox, 1994). Newspapers editorialized against the “PC Bible” as well (See, for example, “PC Bible”
Wall Street Journal
, September 5, 1995, p. A:14).

⁹⁶
Steinfels, 1991; “World-Wide: A Lesbian Minister,”
Wall Street Journal
, November 5, 1992, p. A:1.

⁹⁷
See William J. Bennett, “The Chattered Humanities,”
Wall Street Journal
, 31 (December 1982): 10; and
To Reclaim a Legacy: A Report on the Humanities in Higher Education
(Washington, D.C: National Endowment for the Humanities, 1984) and Lynne V. Cheney,
The Humanities and the American Promise: A Report of the Colloquium on the Humanities and the American People
(Charlottesville, VA: Colloquium on the Humanities and the American People, 1987);
Humanities in America: A Report to the President, the Congress, and the American People
(Washington, D.C: National Endowment for the Humanities, 1988).

⁹⁸
Ellen Messer-Davidow notes that “in 1987, when Cheney’s first report was published, mass-market books attacking liberalized higher education began to appear at the impressive rate of two per year.” Ellen Messer-Davidow, “Manufacturing the Attack on Liberalized Higher Education,”
Social Text
36(Fall 1993): 40. For example, Allan Bloom,
The Closing of the American Mind
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987); Charles Sykes,
Profscam: Professors and the Demise of Higher Education
(Washington, D.C: Regnery Gateway, 1988); Page Smith,
Killing the Spirit: Higher Education in America
(New York: Viking, 1990); Roger Kimball,
Tenured Radicals: How Politics Has Corrupted Our Higher Education
(New York: Harper & Row, 1990); and Dinesh D’Souza,
Illiberal Education: The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus
(New York: Free Press, 1991).

⁹⁹
Statement on Guerrilla Girls Website: http://www.guerrillagirls.com.

¹⁰⁰
See
Confessions of the Guerrilla Girls
(New York: HarperPerennial Library, 1995).

¹⁰¹
From Guerrilla Girls website.

Chapter 7

¹
“Bev Mitchell,” in Louise R. Noun,
More Strong-Minded Women: Iowa Feminists Tell Their Stories
(Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1992), p. 84.

²
Interview with Bella Abzug, April 24, 1997, http://www.netaxs.com/((;td)) gem/interview_with_bella_abzug.html.

³
Paula Kamen,
Feminist Fatale: Voices from the “Twentysomething” Generation Explore the Future of the Women’s Movement
(New York: Donald I. Fine, 1991), p. 212.

⁴
Naomi Wolf,
The Beauty Myth
(London: Chatto & Windus, 1990).

⁵
Susan Faludi,
Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women
(New York: Crown, 1991); Kamen,
Feminist Fatale
.

⁶
Katherine Bishop, “Women’s College Rescinds Its Decision to Admit Men,”
New York Times
(May 19, 1990, Section A): 7.

⁷
Barbara Findlen, ed.,
Listen up: The Next Feminist Generation
(Seattle: Seal Press, 1995); Irene Zahava, ed.,
Feminism 3: The Third Generation in Fiction
(Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996); Rebecca Walker, ed.,
To Be Real: Telling the Truth and Changing the Face of Feminism
(New York: Anchor Books, 1995); and Leslie Heywood and Jennifer Drake, eds.,
Third Wave Agenda: Being Feminist, Doing Feminism
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997).

⁸
Joannie M. Schrof, “Feminism’s Daughters,”
U.S. News and World Report
(September 27, 1993): 70-71, quoted in Tobias,
Faces of Feminism
, p. 252.

⁹
Camille Paglia, “Madonna I: Animality and Artifice,”
New York Times
(December 14, 1990, A): 39.

¹⁰
Her gender and her race, however, will no doubt prevent her from profiting at the same level as world-class male athletes. See Greta L. Cohen,
Women in Sport: Issues and Controversies
, with foreword by Jackie Joyner-Kersee (Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1993); and Susan K. Cahn,
Coming on Strong: Gender and Sexuality in Twentieth-Century Women’s Sport
(New York: Free Press, 1994), pp. 269-271.

¹¹
Kamen,
Feminist Fatale
, pp. 89-92.

¹²
Melissa Klein, “Duality and Redefinition: Young Feminism and the Alternative Music Community,” in Heywood and Drake, eds.,
Third Wave Agenda
, pp. 207-225, quotes on pp. 214, 208, 211.

¹³
Jeff Niesel, “Hip-Hop Matters: Rewriting the Sexual Politics of Rap Music,” in Heywood and Drake, eds.,
Third Wave Agenda
, pp. 239-253, quote on p. 241.

¹⁴
Elisa Davis, “Sexism and the Art of Feminist Hop-Hop Maintenance,” in Walker, ed.,
To Be Real
, pp. 127-141, quotes on pp. 131, 127.

¹⁵
Hot Flashes
, vol. 1, no. 1 (1993).

¹⁶
Hot Flashes
, vol. 1, no. 2, 3 (1994).

¹⁷
See Roberta Smith, “Waging Guerilla Warfare Against the Art World,
New York Times
(June 17, 1990, C1): 31; Catherine S. Manegold, “No More Nice Girls,”
New York Times
(July 12, 1992, L25): 1, 31; Jessica Seigel, “In Your Face: A New Generation Takes up the Feminist Struggle,”
Chicago Tribune
(August 3, 1992: Section 5, Tempo): 1-2; Josephine Withers, “The Guerrilla Girls,”
Feminist Studies
, vol. 14, no. 2 (Summer 1988): 284-300;
Confessions of the Guerrilla Girls/by the Guerrilla Girls Themselves (Whoever They Really Are); With an Essay by
Whitney Chadwick (New York: HarperPerennial, 1995).

¹⁸
“WAC is watching: Women’s Action Coalition on the Streets of Chicago,”
oob
, vol. 24, no. 2 (February 1994): 6-7, 16, quote on 6-7. See also Degen Pener, “Blue Dots, a Drum Corps and Great Production Values,”
New York Times
(May 3, 1992, Section 9): 4; Karen Houppert, “WAC Attack,”
Village Voice
(June 9, 1992): 33-38; and “Guggenheim in a New Light,”
New York Times
(June 27, 1992): L13.

¹⁹
Quoted by Houppert in
Village Voice
(1992): 34. See also Catherine S. Manegold, “No More Nice Girls,”
New York Times
(July 12, 1992, L25); Jessica Seigel, “In Your Face: A New Generation Takes up the Feminist Struggle,”
Chicago Tribune
(August 3, 1992, 5): 1-2.