Tidal Wave: How Women Changed America at Century's End (50 page)

²⁰
Ninety-five participants reflected on their experience in Nancy J. Berneking and Pamela Carter Joern, eds.,
Re-Membering and Re-Imagining
(Cleveland: Pilgrim Press, 1995).

²¹
Pamela Carter Joern, “Introduction,” in Berneking and Joern, eds.,
Re-Membering and Re-Imagining
, p. xvii.

²²
Gayle White, “Reacting to Re-Imagining,”
Atlanta Journal Constitution
(May 21, 1994); Peter Steinfels, “Presbyterians Try to Resolve Long Dispute,”
New York Times
(June 17, 1994, A): 24; Catherine Keller, “Inventing the Goddess: A Study in Ecclesiastical Backlash,”
Christian Century
(April 6, 1994): 340; Bill Broadway, “Re-imagining Foments Uproar among Presbyterians,”
Washington Post
(June 4, 1994): C:7.

²³
See Nancy J. Berneking and Pamela Carter Joern, eds.,
Re-Membering and Re-Imagining
(Cleveland: Pilgrim Press, 1995), Part Five, “Going On,” pp. 179-234, and “Afterword,” pp. 235-237.

²⁴
A series of books trace the evolution of the right-wing attack on higher education beginning with NEH Chair William Bennett,
To Reclaim a Legacy: A Report on the Humanities in Higher Education
(Washington, D.C: National Endowment for the Humanities, 1984). Subsequent books included Allan Bloom,
The Closing of the American Mind: How Higher Education Has Failed Democracy and Impoverished the Souls of Today’s Students
(New York: Simon &
Schuster, 1987); Charles J. Sykes,
Profscam: Professors and the Demise of Higher Education
(Washington, D.C: Regnery Gateway; New York, NY: Distributed to the trade by Kampmann & Co., 1988); Roger Kimball,
Tenured Radicals: How Politics Has Corrupted Higher Education
(New York: Harper & Row, 1990); and Dinesh D’Souza,
Illiberal Education: The Politics of Race and Class on Campus
(New York: Free Press, 1991).

²⁵
National Council for Research on Women,
To Reclaim a Legacy of Diversity: Analyzing the “Political Correctness” Debates in Higher Education
(New York: National Council for Research on Women, 1993), p. 8.

²⁶
Quoted in Patricia Aufderheide, ed.,
Beyond PC: Toward a Politics of Understanding
(Saint Paul, MN: Graywolf Press, 1992), p. 227.

²⁷
Richard Bernstein, “The Rising Hegemony of the Politically Correct,”
New York Times
(October 28, 1990, Section 4): 1, 4; John Searle, “The Storm over the University,”
New York Review of Books
(December 6, 1990): 34-42; John Leo, “The Academy’s New Ayatollahs,”
U.S. News & World Report
(December 10, 1990): 22; Amanda Foreman, “High Noon at the PC Corral,”
New York Times
, Op-Ed. (March 20, 1991): A29; “Upside Down in the Groves of Academe,”
Time
(April 1, 1991). For a fuller listing of related articles see the National Council for Research on Women,
To Reclaim a Legacy of Diversity
, pp. 45-47.

²⁸
El-Khawas 1991, cited in NCROW, p. 9.

²⁹
Sally Quinn, “The Death of Feminism,”
Washington Post
(January 19, 1992, C): 1:4.

³⁰
Scott Jaschik, “Philosophy Professor Portrays Her Feminist Colleagues as out of Touch and Relentlessly Hostile to the Family,”
Chronicle of Higher Education
(January 15, 1992): 1, 16, 18.

³¹
Christina Hoff Sommers, “Hard-Line Feminists Guilty of Ms-Representation,”
Wall Street Journal
(November 7, 1991): A14.

³²
Christina Hoff Sommers,
Who Stole Feminism: How Women Have Betrayed Women
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), pp. 51, 134.

³³
“Camille Paglia and Suzanne Gordon Meet Face to Face,”
Working Woman
, vol. 17, no. 2 (March 1992): 76-79. 106; Camille Paglia, “Ninnies, Pedants, Tyrants and Other Academics,”
New York Times Book Review
(May 5, 1991): 29.

³⁴
“Camille Paglia and Suzanne Gordon Meet Face to Face,”
Working Woman
, vol. 17, no. 2 (March 1992).

³⁵
Sommers,
Who Stole Feminism
, p. 245.

³⁶
See Jesse Donahue, “Movement Scholarship and Feminism in the 1980s,”
Women & Politics
, vol. 61, no. 2 (1996): 61-80.

³⁷
See for example, Susan Brownmiller,
In Our Time
, Chapters 11 and 13, pp. 259-278, 295-325.

³⁸
Katie Roiphe,
The Morning After: Sex, Fear, and Feminism on Campus
(Boston, MA.: Little, Brown, 1993). For an example of other generational voices, see Emilie Morgan, “Don’t Call Me a Survivor,” in Findlen, ed.,
Listen up: Voices from the Next Feminist Generation
, pp. 177-184.

³⁹
Paula Kamen,
Her Way: Young Women Remake the Sexual Revolution
(New York: Broadway Books, 2002).

⁴⁰
For a detailed description of the Akron Conference from the point of view of participants who were unaware of the conflict before their arrival, see Ruby Jennie et al., “NWSA—Troubles Surface at Conference,”
off our backs
, vol. 20 (August-September 1990): 1ff. The same issue printed “A Letter from Ruby Sales” spelling out her charges of racism and demand for restitution [
off our backs
, vol. 20 (August-September 1990): 25].

⁴¹
Patsy Schweickart, “Reflections on NWSA ’90,”
NWSAction
3 (Fall 1990): 3-4ff., quotes on 4.

⁴²
The debate on what had happened continued in feminist publications for some months. See Marlene Longenecker et al., “NWSA Conference: M. Longenecker Responds, R. Heidelbach Responds,”
off our backs
, vol. 20 (October 1990): 24-25; Members of the Former NWSA Women of Color Caucus, “Institutionalized Racism and the National Women’s Studies Association,”
Sojourner: The Women’s Forum
, vol. 15, no. 12 (August 1990): 8-9; “Time to Challenge Institutional Racism,”
Sojourner: The Women’s Forum
, vol. 16, no. 1 (September 1990): 6-7; “NWSA Responds to Charges of Racism,” and Ann Froines, “Racism and NWSA—Uncovering More Questions,”
Sojourner: The Women’s Forum
, vol. 16, no. 2 (October 1990): 9-12; Trisha Franzen and Lois Rita Helmbold, “What Is to Be Done?”
Women’s Review of Books
, vol. 8, no. 5 (February 1991): 29-30.

⁴³
Musil describes an “organizational insight” that came to her at a meeting in 1991 when a member of the coordinating committee commented, “we don’t have to pay any attention to bylaws, we’re feminists.” Author’s interview with Caryn McTighe Musil, Washington, D.C., December 12, 1997.

⁴⁴
Barbara Scott, “Speaking for Ourselves: From the Women of Color Association,”
Women’s Review of Books
, vol. VIII, no. 5 (February 1991): 29. Other contributors to this forum were Sondra O’Neale, Cynthia Tompkins, ChiKwan Ho, Sophie Liu, Andraea Smith, Bonnie Tu Smith, Ruby Sales, Jacqui Wade, Maria Lugones, and Rhoda Johnson. Two white women also contributed a discussion of NWSA’s racism, celebrated the recent staff resignations as positive but insufficient, and called for NWSA “to apologize publicly.” Trisha Franzen and Lois Rita Helmbold, “What Is to Be Done?” 29-30, quote on 30.

⁴⁵
Christina Hoff Sommers attended the much diminished NWSA conference in 1993, in the aftermath of the Akron debacle. What she found was grist for her mill, and she described it with some glee in the
New Republic:
“The recent conference of the National Women’s Studies Association (NWSA) in Austin, Texas, illustrated disturbing trends in the women’s studies field. The reading of academic papers routinely takes a back seat to victim testimonials and New Age healing rituals at NWSA conferences; at the Austin conference, no more than 16 out of roughly 100 workshops and presentations could be called scholarly. On more and more campuses, the consciousness raisers are driving
out the scholars. Christina Hoff Sommers, “Sister Soldiers,”
New Republic
, vol. 207 (October 5, 1992): 20-3off., quote on 29.

⁴⁶
See Linda Witt, Karen M. Paget, and Glenna Matthews,
Running as a Woman: Gender and Power in American Politics
(New York: Free Press, 1993), pp. 50-51; and Timothy M. Phelps and Helen Winternitz,
Capitol Games: Clarence Thomas, Anita Hill, and the Story of a Supreme Court Nomination
(New York: Hyperion, 1992), pp. 167-172, 236-244, 261-267, 295-298, 303, 432.

⁴⁷
“Camille Paglia and Suzanne Gordon Meet Face to Face,” 79.

⁴⁸
“Sex and Power in the Office,”
Wall Street Journal
(October 18, 1991): B
I
.

⁴⁹
New York Times
(July 13, 1992): 1.

⁵⁰
Witt, Paget, and Matthews,
Running as a Woman
, p. 5.

⁵¹
Irwin N. Gertzog,
Congressional Women: Their Recruitment, Integration, and Behavior
(Westport, CT.: Praeger, 1995), p. 183.

⁵²
Michael Specter, “Feminists Painfully Watching Holtzman and Ferraro Battle,”
New York Times
(March 14, 1992, section 1): 1.

⁵³
Ellen Malcolm, telephone interview with author, August 31, 2000.

⁵⁴
See Faye Ginzburg,
Contested Lives: The Abortion Debate in an American Community
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).

⁵⁵
Alessandra Stanley, “
Marilyn Quayle Says the 1960s Had a Flip Side
,”
New York Times
(August 20, 1992, A): 20.

⁵⁶
Quoted in Maureen Dowd, “Hillary Clinton as Aspiring First Lady: Role Model or ‘Hall Monitor’ Type?”
New York Times
(May 18, 1992): A18.

⁵⁷
Cleveland Plain Dealer
(July 14, 1992): A4; and Anna Quindlen,
Thinking out Loud: On the Personal, the Political, the Public and the Private
(New York: Random House, 1993), pp. 197-198, quoted in Deborah L. Rhode, “Media Images, Feminist Issues,”
Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
, vol. 20, no. 3 (Spring 1995): 698.

⁵⁸
See Laura Blumenfeld, “Ultimate Feminist, Hillary Rodham Clinton,”
Cosmopolitan
(May 1994): 213.

⁵⁹
See Kenneth T. Walsh, “How Hillary Clinton Plans a Bold Recasting of the Job Description for a President’s Spouse,” U.S.
News and World Report
(January 25, 1993): 46; Barbara Burrell,
Public Opinion, the First Ladyship, and Hillary Rodham Clinton
(New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1997); Joyce Milton,
The First Partner: Hillary Rodham Clinton
(New York: William Morrow, 1999); Gail Sheehy,
Hillary’s Choice
(New York: Random House, 1999); and Bob Woodward,
The Agenda: Inside the Clinton White House
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994).

⁶⁰
Rhode,
Media Images, Feminist Issues
, p. 699; Maurine Dowd, “Hillary Rodham Clinton Strikes a New Pose and Multiplies Her Images,”
New York Times
(December 12, 1993): E3.

⁶¹
Rush H. Limbaugh, See,
I Told You So
(New York: Pocket Books, 1993).

⁶²
Faulkner had been accepted to the Citadel until officials learned that she was female. That rejection prompted her suit. See Catherine S. Manegold,
In Glory’s Shadow: Shannon Faulkner, the Citadel, and a Changing America
(New
York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000); Laura Fairchild Brodie,
Breaking out: VMI and the Coming of Women
(New York: Pantheon Books, 2000); Susan Faludi, “The Naked Citadel,”
New Yorker
, vol. 70, no. 27 (September 5, 1994): 62-81; and Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, “Save the Males?”
National Review
, vol. 46, no. 14 (August 1, 1994): 49-52.

⁶³
Phyllis Schlafley, “Open Letter to VMI Alumni.”
Eagle Forum
, Alton, Illinois (June 11, 1996).

⁶⁴
Deborah L. Siegel, “Reading Between the Waves: Feminist Historiography in a ‘Postfeminist’ Moment,” in Leslie Heywood and Jennifer Drake, eds.,
Third Wave Agenda: Being Feminist, Doing Feminism
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997), p. 62.