To Explain the World: The Discovery of Modern Science (71 page)

fluxion.
See
derivative

focal length, 174–75, 329–33, 336

focus.
See also
ellipse, focii of

planet’s orbit around, 59, 151–52, 167–68

forces, Newton and concept of, 233, 257.
See also
specific forces

Formation of Shadows, The
(al-Haitam), 110

Foscarini, Paolo Antonio, 182–84

Fourier analysis, 280

Fracastoro, Girolomo, 141–42, 186

Franciscans, 127, 129, 138

Frederick II, king of Denmark, 159, 161

Freeman, K., 367

Ferdinando I, grand duke of Tuscany, 183

frequency, 279–82

Fulbert of Chartres, 126

fundamental principles, 99, 163–65, 203–4

galaxies

first observation of, 108

relative velocity and, 359

Galen, 42, 105, 111, 126

Galileo Galilei, 106, 134, 202, 216

astrology and, 146

Boyle and, 199

comets and, 40n, 182, 205

conflict with church and trial of, 181–88, 190, 213

church’s rehabilitation of, 187

Descartes and, 204

falling bodies and, 173, 190–97, 200, 240, 339–42

floating bodies and, 181, 190

geometry and, 40–41

Huygens and, 194–95

Jupiter’s moons and, 177–78

Kepler and, 173, 179–81

Moons’ surface and, 175–76, 228, 337–39

pendulum and, 191, 195

phases of Venus and, 87, 143, 154, 179–80, 204

planetary system and orbit of Earth around Sun, 72, 172–88, 199, 204, 212

projectiles and, 193–95, 213, 342–46

Saturn and, 194

stars vs. planets and, 176–77

sunspots and, 180–83

telescope and, 79, 174–80, 219, 329–33, 336

tides and, 184–85, 205

Tycho and, 186

vacuum and, 198

Galison, Peter, 204n, 381

Ganymede (moon of Jupiter), 177–78

Garden of Epicurus, 22, 46–47

Gassendi, Pierre, 46, 234

Geminus, 95–97, 157, 246

general theory of relativity, 14, 234, 250–53

genetics, 266

Geographic Memoirs
(Eratosthenes), 75

Geometrie
(Descartes), 223

geometry, xiv, 125, 139, 197, 199

algebra vs., 40–41

analytic, 40, 205–7

Galileo and, 40–41

Greeks and, 4, 15–20, 35, 39–40, 67

mean speed theorem and, 139, 313–15

Newton and, 236, 246

Platonic solids and, 274–79

Pythagorean theorem, 283–84

Thales and, 4, 272–74

Gerard of Cremona, 126–27

Gibbon, Edward, 47, 48, 51–52

Gilbert, William, 170, 257

Gingerich, O., 269, 377, 378, 379

gluons, 264–65

gnomon, 58, 75, 79, 81, 180

God

Descartes and, 203

first mover argument for, 26

freedom of, and science, 130–31

Newton and, 146, 247

void and, 26

gold, 8, 39, 41, 110

Goldstein, B. R., 376

“Good Morrow, The” (Donne), 42

Graham, David, 371

Grassi, Orazio, 182

gravitation, 264.
See also
falling bodies

Aristotle and, 66, 286

curved space-time and, 252

Earth’s bulge and, 153

Galileo and acceleration due to, 193, 196, 240, 339–42

general relativity and, 251–53

Hooke and, 230–31

Huygens and acceleration due to, 195–96, 212

Huygens’ criticism of, 246

inverse square law of, 227, 230, 237

Kepler and, 169, 171

laboratory masses and, 240

Moon’s motion and, 93, 196, 228

Newton and, 99, 196, 212, 225–31, 236–47, 250–54, 257, 286–87, 363–65

Oresme and, 136–37

planetary orbits and, 53, 93, 134, 148, 169, 171, 212, 225–28, 363–65

planetary orbits and falling bodies, 228–31, 236–37

precession of Earth’s orbit and, 113–14

precession of the equinoxes and, 74, 241–42

sidereal period and Kepler’s third law, 171

Standard Model forces and, 264, 268

Sun’s and planetary orbits, Kepler and, 169

terminal velocity and, 286–87

tides and, 185, 242–43

wobble of Earth’s axis and, 74–75

gravitational field, 250–52, 263

Greeks.
See also
Aristotle; Plato;
and other specific individuals and theories

Arabs and, 101, 104–5, 108, 111, 121, 126–27

Classical vs. Hellenistic age vs., 31–34

Dorian, 6, 12

Ionian, 3–10, 63

mathematics and, 15–21, 40

matter and, xiv, 3–14

measurement of Earth, Sun, and Moon, 63–77

medieval Europe and, 101, 124, 126–27, 129, 137

motion and, 22–30

planets and, 77–101

poetry and, 12–13

religion and, 44–47

spherical shape of Earth and, 63–66

Green, Peter, 369

Greenblatt,Stephen, 46, 370

Gregory IX, Pope, 127

Gregory XIII, Pope, 61, 158

Grimaldi, Francesco Maria, 222

Grosseteste, Robert, 137–38

Guide to the Perplexed
(Maimonides), 114

Gutas, Dimitri, 105, 374

Halley, Edmund, 231, 244, 247, 250

Halo and the Rainbow, The
(al-Haitam), 110

Handy Tables
(Ptolemy), 114

Hankinson, R. J., 23, 269, 369

Harmonices mundi
(Kepler), 170–71

harmony, 279–82

Harriot, Thomas, 207

Hartley, L. P., xii

Hartmann, Georg, 141n

heat, 259–60, 267

Heath, Thomas, 84, 370, 372, 374

heavens, changeability of, 159–60, 173, 228

Heaviside, Oliver, 258n

Heidelberg, University of, 140

Heilbron, J. L., 378

Heisenberg, Werner, 261

heliocentricism, 70–72, 118, 155–58, 172.
See also
Copernicus; Sun

Hellenistic period, xv, 1, 31–43, 46–48, 53, 87, 99, 160.
See also
Alexandria;
and specific individuals

fluid statics and, 38–39

light and, 35–36

technology and, 34–41

Henry of Hesse, 142

Henry VII, king of England, 253

Heraclides, 85–86, 89, 124, 134, 153, 303

Heraclitus, 6, 8, 13, 57

Heraclius, Byzantine emperor, 103

Hermes
(Eratosthenes), 75

Herodotus, 45–46, 58

Hero of Alexandria, 36–37, 41, 51, 137, 189, 208, 210, 289–91, 348

Hertz, Heinrich, 259

Hesiod, 13, 47, 55–56

Heytesbury, William of, 138–39

Hipparchus, xv, 48, 51, 72–75, 87–90, 93–94, 97, 107, 137, 142, 153, 159, 254

Hippasus, 17

Hippocrates, 42, 105, 111, 119, 121

Hippolytus, 63

hippopede
, 81

Hisah al-Jabr w-al-Muqabalah
(al-Khwarizmi), 106–7

History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy, A
(Neugebauer), 64n

History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom, A
(White), 155

Hitti, Philip, 105, 374

Holton, G., 383

Homer, 6n, 13, 55–56

homocentric models, 80–87, 95, 97, 98, 112–13, 128, 142, 153, 160, 185–86

Hooke, Robert, 200, 217, 220, 230–31, 245

Horace, 99n

horizon

curve of Earth and, 65

measuring Earth with, 108–9, 311–13

Horologium oscillatorium
(Huygens), 195, 197

Huff, Toby, 374

Hugh Capet, king of France, 126

Hulegu Khan, 116

Hunt, Bruce, 269, 370

humors, four, 42–43, 111

Hunayn ibn Ishq, 104–5

Hussein, grandson of Muhammad, 104

Hutchinson, John, 245, 246

Huygens, Christiaan, 36, 194–97, 208, 212–13, 217, 220, 226–27, 234, 341–42, 356, 358–60

acceleration due to gravity and falling bodies, 195–96

centrifugal force and, 226, 227

centripetal acceleration and, 212, 360

constant
g
and acceleration, 342

pendulum clock and, 195

Saturn’s moon Titan and, 195

speed of light and, 359

wave theory of light and, 36, 196–97, 208, 356, 358

hydrogen, 11, 152, 259

hydrostatics, 33, 189, 190

Hypatia, 51

Hypotyposes orbium coelestium
(Peucer), 158

Ibn al-Nafis, 118

Ibn al-Shatir, 117, 151, 237n

Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), 112, 115

Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 27, 112–13, 115, 117, 119, 121, 128, 130

Ibn Sahl, 110, 207

Ibn Sina (Avicenna), 111–12, 116, 120, 126

Ibn Tufayl (Abubacer), 112, 115

icosahedron, 10, 12, 162, 163n, 275, 279

Iliad
(Homer), 47

impact parameter
b
, 209–11

impetus, 51, 133–34, 212.
See also
momentum

Incoherence of Incoherence
(Ibn Rushd), 121

Incoherence of the Philosophers, The
(al-Ghazali), 121

incommensurable lines, 12, 285

index of refraction (
n
), 206–8, 210–12, 331–32, 348, 351, 355

India, xiv, 1, 57, 104, 107–8, 116, 207

infinite series, 8, 223, 226

infinitesimals, 223, 224n, 231–32, 236

Innocent IV, Pope, 129

intelligent design, 44

Inventions of the Philosophers
(al-Ghazali), 121