Tolstoy (86 page)

98. 
Letopis'
1, 384.

99. Zhdanov,
Lyubov' v zhizni Tolstogo,
144–146; Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn",
Prometei,
165.

100. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn",
Prometei,
161.

101. This was the servant given to Dmitry; he transferred to Tolstoy and went to the Caucasus with him in 1851.

102. JE 83,179.

103. Andreas Kappeler,
The Russian Empire: A Multiethnic History,
tr. Alfred Clayton, London, 2001, 39–41.

104. JE 83, 190–192.

105. Tolstoy's American visitor Eugene Schuyler had made the journey from Samara to Orenburg via Buzuluk in the spring of 1868, having stopped off in Kazan to meet his ageing uncle Vladimir, and published a colourful account entitled 'On the Steppe' in
Hours at Home: A Popular Monthly Journal of Instruction and Recreation,
vol. 4 (1869), issue 4, 319–330.

106. JE 83, 210.

107. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn",
Prometei,
165.

108. JE 62, 47.

109. JE 62 37.

110. JE 62, 38–39.

9 Novelist

1. S. L. Tolstoi, 'Ob otrazhenii zhizni v "Anne Kareninoi": Iz vospominanii',
Literaturnoe nasledstvo,
37/38, vol. 2 (Moscow, 1939), 567.

2. N. N. Gusev,
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi. Materialy k biografii's 1870po 1881 god
[Gusev 3], Moscow, 1963, 124.

3. See Nicholas V. Riasanovsky,
The Image of Peter the Great in Russian History and Thought,
Oxford, 1985, 200.

4. S. Solov'ev,
Petrovskie chteniya,
St Petersburg, 1872.

5. Gusev 3, 17.

6. JE 61, 342–343, for example.

7. Musorgsky, letter to Stasov, June 1872,
M. P Musorgskii:pis'ma,
Moscow, 1984, 100.

8. Gusev 3, 131.

9. JE 349.

10. Gusev 3, 118.

11. E. Schuyler,
Peter the Great: Emperor of Russia,
2 vols, New York, 1884.

12. See Peter Bridges, 'Eugene Schuyler: The Only Diplomatist',
Diplomacy and Statecraft,
16 (2005), 13–22.

13. N. N. Gusev,
Letopis'zhizni i tvorchestva L. N. Tolstogo, 1828–1890,
Moscow, 1958
[Letopis
1], 404.

14. See Barbara Alpern Engel, 'Women, the Family and Public Life',
The Cambridge History ofRussia,
vol. 2:
Imperial Russia, 1689–1917,
ed. Dominic Lieven, Cambridge, 2006, 306–325.

15. S. A. Tolstaya,
Dnevniki v dvukh tomakh,
ed. V. E. Vatsuro et al., 2 vols, Moscow, 1978, vol. 1, 508.

16. Gusev 3, 134–135.

17. Alexandre Dumas,
L'Homme-femme,
Paris, 1872.

18. Roderick Phillips,
Putting Asunder: A History of Divorce in Western Society,
Cambridge, 1988, 422.

19. JE 62, 11.

20. See Priscilla Meyer,
How the Russians Read the French: Lermontov, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy,
Madison, 2008, 152–248.

21. JE 59, 64.

22. JE 34,368.

23. JE 62, 16.

24. 
Letopis
1, 403.

25. V. A. Zhdanov, 'K istorii sozdaniya "Anna Karenina": dva rannikh nabroska romana',
Literaturnoe nasledstvo,
69 (1961), vol. 1, 404.

26. Zhdanov, 'K istorii sozdaniya "Anna Karenina"', 423.

27. V. A. Zhdanov and E. E. Zaidenshnur, 'Tekstologicheskie poyasneniya', in L. N. Tolstoi,
Anna Karenina,
Literaturnye Pamyatniki, ed. Zhdanov and Zaidenshnur, Moscow, 1970, 687.

28. Gusev 3, 280.

29. Zhdanov and Zaidenshnur, 'Tekstologicheskie poyasneniya', 810.

30. JE 62,25.

31. JE 62,15.

32. JE 62,27.

33. 
Letopis'
1, 408.

34. JE 17,704.

35. JE 315-3l6.

36. JE 17, 702–708.

37. JE 62, 29.

38. Oleg Neverov,
Great Private Collections of Imperial Russia,
London, 2004, 165–166; Irina Nenarkomova,
Pavel Tret'yakov i ego galereya,
Moscow, 1998.

39. David Jackson,
The Wanderers and Critical Realism in Nineteenth-Century Russian Painting,
Manchester, 2006, 26.

40. Gusev 3, 150–151.

41. See Irina Paperno,
Suicide as a Cultural Institution in Dostoevsky's Russia,
Ithaca, 1997.

42. JE 62, 50.

43. Paperno,
Suicide as a Cultural Institution.

44. 
Letopis'
I, 413.

45. JE 62, 56.

46. JE 62, 69.

47. JE 62, 55.

48. JE 62, 72.

49. JE 62, 56.

50. Vladimir Zhdanov,
Lyubov v zhizni Tolstogo
(1928), Moscow, 2005, 161–162.

51. JE 62, 40.

52. Gusev 3, 154-I55.

53. Gusev 3, 296.

54. 
Letopis'
I, 418.

55. JE 62,95.

56. JE 62,78.

57. JE 62,8I.

58. JE 62, 89.

59. JE 62, 92.

60. JE 34, 367–368.

61. JE 62, 95.

62. JE 62, 103.

63. JE 62, 100.

64. JE 62, 107.

65. JE 62, 117. See also Boris Eikhenbaum,
Lev Tolstoi: semidesyatyegoody,
Leningrad, 1974.

66. JE 62, 112.

67. 
Letopis'
1, 435.

68. JE 62, 130.

69. JE 62, 185.

70. Zhdanov,
Lyubov' v zhizni Tolstogo,
164–165.

71. Chapters 1–14 in the journal; chapters 1–23 in the final version.

72. 
Letopis'
1, 434.

73. Part One, chapter 22.

74. Zhdanov and Zaidenshnur, 'Tekstologicheskie poyasneniya', 840.

75. In the final version the chapter was split, with the two lines of dots coming at the end of chapter 10 of Part Two.

76. JE 62,139.

77. JE 62,49.

78. Zhdanov,
Lyubov' v zhizni Tolstogo,
166–167.

79. S. A. Tolstaya,
Pis'ma k L. N. Tolstomu, 1862–1910,
Moscow, 1936, 135.

80. S. L. Tolstoi,
Ocherki bylogo,
Moscow, 1949, 43.

81. Ten laps according to Gusev, who claims the winner boasted a time of one hour thirty-nine minutes, which seems somehow unlikely. See Gusev 3, 212.

82. I. L. Tolstoi,
Moi vospominaniya,
Moscow, 1914, 86–88.

83. JE 62, 199.

84. Tolstaya,
Dnevniki,
vol. 1, 88–89.

85. 
Letopis'
1, 448.

86. JE 62, 216.

87. JE 62, 216.

88. JE 62, 226–228.

89. JE 62, 218.

90. JE 62, 248.

91. N. A. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska L. N. Tolstogo's sestroi i brat'yami,
Moscow, 1990, 349.

92. Zhdanov,
Lyubov' v zhizni Tolstogo,
168–169.

93. JE 62 256–257.

94. Part Five, chapter 20 (chapter 19 in the journal).

95. JE 62, 248.

96. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska,
352–353.

97. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska,
272.

98. She is the only one of Tolstoy's siblings not to be made the subject of a separate chapter in the expanded Russian version of the 1980 book about the Tolstoy family by Sergey Mikhailovich, the writer's grandson (S. M. Tolstoi,
Tolstoi et les Tolstoi: Essais de l'histoire de la famille,
Paris, 1980;
Tolstoi i Tolstye: Ocherki iz istorii roda,
Moscow, 1990), although he published her biography in Russian elsewhere (S. M. Tolstoi, 'Edinstvennaya sestra',
Prometei,
12 (1980), 269—287).

99. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska,
272.

100. Tolstoi, 'Edinstvennaya sestra', 274—275.

101. G. L. Freeze, 'Bringing Order to the Russian Family: Marriage and Divorce in Imperial Russia, 1760—1860',
Journal of Modern History,
62, 4 (1990), 709—746.

102. Michelle Lamarche Marrese, 'Gender and the Legal Order in Imperial Russia',
The Cambridge History of Russia,
vol. 2:
Imperial Russia, 1689–1917,
ed. Dominic Lieven, Cambridge, 2006, 326—343.

103. William G. Wagner,
Marriage, Property and Law in Late Imperial Russia,
Oxford, 1994, 70.

104. Elena Belyakova,
Tserkovnyi sud iproblemy tserkovnoi zhizni,
Moscow, 2004.

105. Belyakova,
Tserkovnyi sud,
215.

106. Barbara Alpern Engel, 'In the Name of the Tsar: Competing Legalities and Marital Conflict in Late Imperial Russia',
Journal of Modern History,
77, 1 (2005), 70—95.

107. V. Shklovskii,
Lev Tolstoi,
Moscow, 1967, 388; A. Bers, 'Otryvki vospominanii o L. N. Tolstom', in
Tolstoi i o Tolstom: Novye materialy,
ed. V. G. Chertkov and N. N. Gusev, vol. 2, Moscow, 1926, 131.

108. S. L. Tolstoi, 'Ob otrazhenie zhizni v "Anne Kareninoi": iz vospominanii',
Literaturnoe nasledstvo,
37/38, Moscow, 1939, vol. 2, 568; N. M. Chernov, 'Novosil'skie druz'ya Turgeneva',
www.turgenev.org.ru/e-book/chernov/novosil-drug.htm

109. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska,
353.

110. T. A. Kuzminskaya,
Moya zhizn doma i v Yasnoi Poliane,
ed. T. N. Volkova, Tula, 1973, 354.

111. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska,
292.

112. JE 62, 332.

113. Tolstaya,
Pis'ma k L. N. Tolstomu, 1862–1910,
11.

114. Zhdanov,
Lyubov' v zhizni Tolstogo,
180—181.

115. JE 62, 302.

116. A. D. Obolensky, 'Dve vstrechi's L. N. Tolstym',
Tolstoi. Pamyatniki tvorchestva i zhizni,
vol. 3, Moscow, 1923, 34.

117. Edwina Cruise ('Tracking the English Novel in
Anna Karenina:
Who Wrote the English Novel that Anna reads?',
Anniversary Essays on Tolstoy,
ed. Donna Tussing Orwin, Cambridge, 2010, 159—182), also puts forward novels by Mrs Henry Wood as a candidate.

118. Obolensky, 'Dve vstrechi', 27.

119. Gusev 3, 255.

120. JE 62, 326.

121. Anna Aksakova (Tyutcheva),
Pri dvore dvukh imperatorov,
Moscow, 2008, diary entry 28 October 1876.

122. JE 62, 288.

123. See David MacKenzie,
The Serbs and Russian Pan-Slavism, 1875–1878,
Ithaca, 1967.

124. Obolensky, 'Dve vstrechi', 29–37.

125. 
Russkii vestnik,
5 (1877), 472.

126. JE 53,331.

127. 
Letopis'
1, 475.

128. Joseph Frank,
Dostoevsky: The Mantle of the Prophet, 1871–1881,
Princeton, 2002, 332.

10 Pilgrim, Nihilist, Muzhik

1. JE 62, 347

2. JE 83, 445 (letter of 28 October 1884).

3. N. N. Gusev,
Letopis' zhizni i tvorchestva L. N. Tolstogo, 1828–1890,
Moscow, 1958
[Letopis'
1], 661.

4. JE 62 311.

5. S. A. Tolstaya,
Dnevniki v dvukh tomakh,
ed. V. E. Vatsuro et al., 2 vols, Moscow, 1978, vol. 1, 503.

6. 
Letopis'
1, 472.

7. JE 62 419.

8. S. A. Tolstaya, 'Iz zapisok Grafini Sofii Andreevny Tolstoi pod zaglaviem "Moya Zhizn'" ',
Tolstovskii ezhegodnik,
St Petersburg, 1913, 3.

9. Chris Chulos, 'Russian Piety and Culture from Peter the Great to 1917',
Cambridge History of Christianity,
vol. 5:
Eastern Christianity,
ed. Michael Angold, Cambridge, 2006, 338.

10. See Robert L. Nichols, 'The Orthodox Elders (Staretsy) of Imperial Russia',
Modern Greek Studies Yearbook,
1 (1985), 1–30.

11. See Sergii Chetverikov,
Optina Pustyn',
Paris, 1926; Leonard J. Stanton,
The Optina Pustyn Monastery in the Russian Literary Imagination: Iconic Vision in Works by Dostoevsky, Gogol, Tolstoy, and others,
New York, 1995.

12. P. Matveev, 'L. N. Tolstoi i N. N. Strakhov v Optinoi Pustyni',
Istoricheskii vestnik.,
2(1907), 151–157.

13. 
www.optina.ru/starets/amvrosiy_life_full/

14. JE 62, 335; N. N. Gusev,
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi. Materialy k biografii's 1870 po 1881 god
[Gusev 3], Moscow, 1963, 442.

15. Matveev, 'L. N. Tolstoi i N. N. Strakhov v Optinoi Pustyni', 153–154.

16. Gusev 3, 441.

17. Gusev 3, 442.

18. JE 334.

19. Gusev 3, 436.

20. JE 62 353.

21. Matveev, 'L. N. Tolstoi i N. N. Strakhov v Optinoi Pustyni', 155.

22. Tolstaya,
Dnevniki,
vol. 1, 505.

23. S. L. Tolstoi,
Ocherki bylogo,
Moscow, 1949, 59.

24. 
Letopis'
1, 481.

25. V. I. Alekseev, 'Vospominaniya',
L. N. Tolstoi: K 120-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya (1828–1948),
2 vols, ed. N. N. Gusev, Moscow, 1948, vol. 2, 232—330.

26. JE 62, 422, 509.

27. S. L. Tolstoi,
Ocherki bylogo,
57.

28. Mark Aldanov, 'A Russian Commune in Kansas',
Russian Review,
1 (1944), 30–44.

29. N. Nikitina,
Povsednevnaya zhizn L'va Tolstogo v Yasnoipolyane,
Moscow, 2007, 286.

30. Tolstaya,
Dnevniki,
vol. 1, 191, 239, 384.

31. M. Zabylin,
Russkii narod: obychai, predaniya, obryady i sueveriya,
Moscow, 2003, 74; O. G. Baranova et al.,
Russkiiprazdnik. Prazdniki i obryady narodnogo zemledel'cheskogo kalendarya: illyustrirovannaya entsiklopediya,
St Petersburg, 2002, 570—578; Andrei Sinyavsky,
Ivan the Fool: Russian Folk Belief, A Cultural History,
tr. Joanne Turnbull and Nikolai Formozov, Moscow, 2007, 245—247.

32. Alekseev, 'Vospominaniya', 250.

33. T. L. Sukhotina-Tolstaya,
Vospominaniya,
Moscow, 1976, 437.

34. Edward Spencer Beesly,
The Life and Death of William Frey,
London, 1888, 3.

35. Gusev 3, 504.