Tolstoy (89 page)

80. Orlova,
Tchaikovsky: A Self Portrait,
253.

81. S. A. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn",
Prometei,
12 (1980), 191.

82. See R. Bartlett,
Wagner and Russia,
Cambridge, 1995, 48.

83. 'The Theology of Redemptive Love' is the sub-title of a chapter in Richard F. Gustafson's
Leo Tolstoy: Resident and Stranger,
which should be consulted for an in-depth discussion of this topic. For a brief overview of the importance of redemption in Wagner's works, see Robert Donington, 'The Search for Redemption in Wagner',
Musical Times,
vol. 130, no. 1751 (Jan. 1989), 20–22.

84. Thomas Mann, 'The Sorrows and Grandeur of Richard Wagner', April 1933, in
Pro and Contra Wagner,
tr. Allan Blunden, introd. Erich Heller, London, 1985, 94.

85. Maude,
The Life of Tolstoy,
757; Muratov,
L. N. Tolstoi i V. G. Chertkov,
257–266.

86. See Tolstoy,
What is Art?,
v, x.

87. 
Letopis'
2, 268, 270.

88. Opul'skaya 2, 248–250.

89. N. Puzin,
Dom-muzei L. N. Tolstogo v Yasnoi Polyane,
Tula, 2001, 67.

90. Opul'skaya 2, 318.

91. Fodor,
A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia,
98.

92. 
Letopis'
2, 263.

93. L. Tolstoi,
Voskresene: roman v trekh chastyakh:polnaya neiskazhennaya tsensur'yu versiya,
5th edn, Purleigh, 1900.

94. Orekhanov,
V. G. Chertkov v zhizni L. N. Tolstogo,
48.

95. Fodor,
A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia,
136.

96. Fodor,
A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia,
91.

97. Holman, 'The Purleigh Colony', 173.

98. S. L. Tolstoi,
Ocherki Bylogo,
3rd rev. edn, Tula, 1965, 197—218.

99. 
Letopis'
2, 306.

100. Opul'skaya 2, 326.

101. R. Bartlett, ed.,
Anton Chekhov: A Life in Letters,
tr. R. Bartlett and A. Phillips, London, 2004, 366.

102. Bartlett,
Anton Chekhov: A Life in Letters,
434.

103. Bartlett,
Anton Chekhov: A Life in Letters,
434.

104. Tolstoy,
Resurrection,
tr. Louise Maude, Oxford World's Classics edn, New York, 2000, 147.

105. See Gregory L. Freeze,
The Parish Clergy in Nineteenth-Century Russia: Crisis, Reform, Counter-Reform,
Princeton, 1983.

106. Anton Chekhov,
The Exclamation Mark,
tr. Rosamund Bartlett, London, 2008, 56.

107. I. S. Belliustin,
Description of the Clergy in Rural Russia: The Memoir of a Nineteenth-Century Parish Priest;
tr. with an interpretive essay by Gregory L. Freeze, Ithaca, 1985.

108. See Chris J. Chulos, 'Russian Piety and Culture from Peter the Great to 1917',
Cambridge History of Christianity,
vol. 5:
Eastern Christianity,
ed. Michael Angold, Cambridge, 2006, 348—70.

109. See Leonid Heretz,
Russia on the Eve of Modernity: Popular Religion and Traditional Culture Under the Last Tsars,
Cambridge, 2008, 39.

110. See Simon Dixon, 'Superstition in Imperial Russia',
Past and Present,
3 (2008), 207—228.

111. Chulos, 'Russian Piety and Culture from Peter the Great to 1917', 360.

112. V. Fedorov,
Russkayapravoslavnaya tserkov' igosudarstvo: sinodal'nyiperiod, 1700–1917,
Moscow, 2003, 228.

113. S. Mel'gunov,
Tserkov' igosudarstvo v Rossii: k voprosu o svobode sovesti,
Moscow, 1907, 136.

114. I. M. Gromoglasov,
Tretii vserossiiskii missionerskii's'ezd,
Sergiev Posad, 1898, 4.

115. See John Shelton Curtiss,
Church and State in Russia: The Last Years of the Empire, 1900–1917,
New York, 1940, 76, regarding the 235 pages of sermons given by Archbishop Nikanor of Kherson.

116. Hermann von Samson-Himmelstierna,
Russia under Alexander III,
tr. J. Morrison, ed. Felix Volkhovsky, London, 1893.

117. Pal Kolst0, 'The Demonized Double: The Image of Lev Tolstoi in Russian Orthodox Polemics',
Slavic Review,
65, 2 (2006), 310.

118. Curtiss,
Church and State in Russia,
41.

119. Curtiss,
Church and State in Russia,
87.

120. J. G. Kohl,
Russia,
London, 1842, 256—257.

121. See Georgy Orekhanov, 'Poslednyaya ispoved' L'va Tolstogo',
Sovetskaya rossiya;
www. samara.orthodoxy.ru/Smi/Npg/053_10.html

122. JE 73, 44—45.

123. V. I. Sreznevskii,
Tolstoi: Pamyatniki tvorchestva i zhizni,
vol. 3, Moscow, 1923, 124, 131.

124. Apostolov,
L. Tolstoi i russkoe samoderzhavie,
147.

125. 
Letopis'
2, 376.

126. Sreznevskii,
Tolstoi: Pamyatniki tvorchestva i zhizni,
vol. 3, 114.

127. See Heretz,
Russia on the Eve of Modernity,
143.

128. Diakon Filipp Il'iashenko, 'L. N. Tolstoi i svyatoi pravednyi Ioann Kronshtadtskii: nekotorye aspekty vospryatiya konflikta sovremmenikami',
Yasnopolyanskii sbornik,
ed. V. I. Tolstoy et al, Tula, 2008, 343.

129. Nadieszda Kizenko,
A Prodigal Saint: Father John of Kronstadt and the Russian People,
University Park, 2000, 250.

130. Kizenko,
A Prodigal Saint,
259.

131. Kizenko,
A Prodigal Saint,
25, 35.

132. N. Kizenko, 'Ioann of Kronstadt and the Reception of Sanctity',
Russian Review,
57 (July 1998), 338.

133. J. Eugene Clay, 'Orthodox Missionaries and "Orthodox Heretics" in Russia, 1886–1917', in
Of Religion and Empire: Missions, Conversion, and Tolerance in Tsarist Russia,
ed. Robert P. Geraci and Michael Khodarkovsky, Ithaca, 2001, 55.

134. Kizenko,
A Prodigal Saint,
258.

135. See Pal Kolst0, 'The Elder at Iasnaia Poliana: Lev Tolstoi and the Orthodox
Starets
Tradition',
Kritika,
9, 3 (2008), 533–554.

136. Religious-Philosophical Society, third meeting, 'Lev Tolstoi i russkaya tserkov", in
Zapiskipeterburgskikh Religiozno-filosofskikh sobranii (1901—1903),
ed. S. M. Polovinkin, Moscow, 2005, 45–70.

137. 
Letopis'
2, 382.

138. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska,
438.

139. JE, 84.

140. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska,
442–443.

141. Orekhanov,
V. G. Chertkov v zhizni L. N. Tolstogo,
53.

142. JE 73, 184–187.

143. Orekhanov,
V. G. Chertkov v zhizni L. N. Tolstogo,
55.

144. 
Letopis'
2, 407–410.

145. 
www.nonresistance.org/tolstoy.html

146. 
http://pravlib.narod.ru/ioann_kronchtadt_otvet_lvu_tolstomu.html

147. Robert L. Nichols, 'The Friends of God: Nicholas II and Alexandra at the Canonization of Serafim of Sarov, July 1903', in
Religious and Secular Forces in Late Tsarist Russia,
ed. Charles E. Timberlake, Seattle, 1992, 206–230.

148. JE 55, 111.

149. 
Letopis'
2, 477.

150. Tolstoy, 'Bethink Yourselves!', tr. V. Tchertkoff and I. F. M. London, 1906, p. 27.

151. Tolstoi,'Bethink Yourselves!', 8.

152. Muratov,
L. N. Tolstoi i V. G. Chertkov,
326.

153. JE 74, 264.

154. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska,
501.

155. See R. Bartlett, 'Japonisme and Japanophobia: The Russo-Japanese War in Russian Cultural Consciousness',
Russian Review,
1 (2008), 1—38.

156. 
Letopis'
2, 503.

157. Fodor,
A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia,
111.

158. Muratov,
L. N. Tolstoi i V. G. Chertkov,
336.

159. 
Letopis'
2, 496—497.

160. Fodor,
A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia,
141.

161. Fodor,
A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia,
119.

162. 
The Autobiography of Countess Sophie Tolstoi,
preface and notes by Vasilii Spiridonov, tr. S. S. Koteliansky and Leonard Woolf, Richmond, 1922, 67.

163. See Leah Bendavid-Val,
Songs Without Words: The Photographs and Diaries of Countess Sophia Tolstoy,
Washington DC, 2007.

164. All information about the visit is taken from Laurence Kominz, 'Pilgrimage to Tolstoy: Tokutomi Roka's Junrei Kiko',
Monumenta Japonica,
41, 1 (1986), 51—101.

165. 
Letopis'
2, 559.

166. Nikitina,
Sof'ya Tolstaya,
224—226.

167. 
Letopis'
2, 596.

168. Orekhanov,
V. G. Chertkov v zhizniL. N. Tolstogo,
53; Puzin,
Dom-muzei,
76; Muratov,
L. N. Tolstoi i V. G. Chertkov,
365.

169. T. N. Volkova,
Tolstoi i ego blizkie,
Moscow, 1986, 262.

170. Fodor,
A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia,
165.

171. See JoyThacker,
Whiteway Colony: The Social History of a Tolstoyan Community,
Stroud, 1993.

172. W. Gareth Jones, ed.,
Tolstoi and Britain,
14.

173. Orekhanov,
V. G. Chertkov v zhizni L. N. Tolstogo,
64.

174. Fodor,
A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia,
95—96.

175. 
Letopis'
2, 635.

176. N. V. Ovsyannikov, 'Epizod iz zhizni L. N. Tolstogo',
Russkoe obozrenie,
11 (1896).

177. Walter Kerr,
The Shabunin Affair: An Episode in the Life of Leo Tolstoy,
Ithaca, 1982, 182.

178. Father Ioann was canonised in 1990.

179. 
Letopis'
2, 644; Tolstaya,
Dnevniki,
vol 2, 109.

180. I. V. Petrovitskaya, "Tolstovskii's'ezd russkikh zhurnalistov. 1908 god',
Iz istorii russkoi literatury i zhurnalistiki: Ezhgodnik,
ed. I. V. Petrovitskaya and I. E. Prokhorov, Moscow, 2009, 243—245.

181. Tolstaya,
Dnevniki,
vol. 2, 110.

182. 
Letopis'
2, 700.

183. Opul'skaya 2, 261.

184. 
Letopis'
2, 701.

185. 
Letopis'
2, 705.

186. V. Bulgakov,
O Tolstom,
Tula, 1964, 283.

187. The above account of Tolstoy's departure from Yasnaya Polyana, death and burial draws on V. I. Nevskii, ed.,
Smert' Tolstogo:po novym materialam,
Moscow, 1929, B. Meilakh,
Ukhod i smert'L'va Tolstogo,
Moscow, 1960, Uil'yam Nikell, 'Smert' Tolstogo',
Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie,
44 (2000), 43–61, Pal Kolsto, 'Mass for a Heretic? The Controversy over Lev Tolstoi's Burial',
Slavic Review,
60, 1 (2001), 75–95, and
William Nickell,
'Transfigurations of Tolstoy's Final Journey: The Church and the Media in 1910',
Tolstoy Studies Journal,
17 (2006), 32–51.

Epilogue: Patriarch of the Bolsheviks

1. Mark Popovsky,
Russkie muzhiki rasskazyvayut:posledovateli L. N. Tolstogo v Sovetskom Soyuze,
London, 1983.

2. S. A. Tolstaya,
Dnevniki v dvukh tomakh,
ed. V. E. Vatsuro et al., 2 vols, Moscow, 1978, vol. 2, 330.

3. Aleksei Zverev and Vladimir Tunimanov,
Lev Tolstoi,
Moscow, 2007, 758.

4. N. Nikitina,
Sof'ya Tolstaya,
Moscow, 2010, 239.

5. Herman Bernstein, 'The Scandal Surrounding the Tolstoy Legacy',
New York Times,
26 February 1911.

6. Nikitina,
Sof'ya Tolstaya,
245.

7. Nikitina,
Sof'ya Tolstaya,
240.

8. Tolstaya,
Dnevniki,
vol. 2, 355.

9. Zverev and Tunimanov,
Tolstoi,
756.

10. Nikitina,
Sof'ya Tolstaya,
241.

11. Nikitina,
Sof'ya Tolstaya,
241.

12. V. F. Bulgakov,
O Tolstom,
Tula 1964, 233.

13. Bulgakov,
O Tolstom,
234–240.

14. Tolstaya,
Dnevniki,
vol. 2, 383. See also Pal Kolsto, 'A Mass for a Heretic? The Controversy over Lev Tolstoi's Burial',
Slavic Review,
60, 1 (2001), 75–95.

15. Nikitina,
Sof'ya Tolstaya,
245.

16. Nikitina,
Sof'ya Tolstaya,
243.

17. Bulgakov,
O Tolstom,
314.

18. Alexander Fodor,
A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia: The Partnership of Leo Tolstoy and Vladimir Chertkov,
Lanham, Md, 1989, 175.

19. Fodor,
A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia,
157.

20. Lev Osterman,
Srazhenie za Tolstogo,
Moscow, 2002.

21. V. Tchertkoff [Chertkov],
Save Russia,
London, 1920.

22. Fodor,
A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia,
162.

23. Tolstaya,
Dnevniki,
vol. 2, 593.

24. Fodor,
A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia,
163.

25. 
Memoirs of Peasant Tolstoyans in Soviet Russia,
tr., ed. and intro. William Edgerton, Bloomington, 1993, 11.

26. Tchertkoff,
Save Russia,
2.

27. A. Khechinov,
Krutye dorogi Aleksandry Tolstoi,
Moscow, 1995, 206.

28. Tolstaya,
Dnevniki,
vol. 2, 591.

29. Fodor,
A Quest for a Non-Violent Russia,
167.

30. Popovsky,
Russkie muzhiki rasskazyvayut,
56.

31. N. Berdyaev, 'Dukhi russkoi revolyutsii',
Iz glubiny,
Paris, 1918; D. Merezhkovskii, 'L. Tolstoi i bol'shevizm',
Tsarstvo antikhrista,
Paris, 1923.