Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests: Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis (318 page)

   Localized (e.g., pneumonia, meningitis, tonsillitis, abscess, acute otitis media in children)

   Systemic (e.g., septicemia). Certain bacteria, such as pneumococcal,
staphylococcal
, and clostridial species, may cause very elevated neutrophil and band counts.

   Inflammation, especially during chronic diseases’ flare-ups

   Vasculitis

   Acute rheumatic fever

   Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis

   Rheumatoid arthritis

   Chronic hepatitis

   Metabolic (uremia, acidosis, eclampsia, acute gout)

   Poisoning by chemicals (mercury), venoms (e.g., black widow spider)

   Parenteral (foreign proteins, vaccines)

   Drugs: epinephrine, steroids, lithium, retinoic acid therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia, therapeutic cytokines, especially granulocyte (or granulocyte–monocyte) colony–stimulating factors

   Acute hemorrhage

   Acute hemolysis