Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests: Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis (646 page)

Prenatal Screening

Prenatal Screening, First-Trimester Screening

Noninvasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT)

Prenatal Screening, Second-Trimester Screening (Maternal Serum Screening; Quad Screen)

Combined First-Trimester and Second- Trimester Screening (Integrated/ Sequential Screening)

Prenatal Diagnostic Screening

Cytogenetics: Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH), and Chromosome Analysis

Genomic Microarray Analysis— Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH)

Molecular Genetic Analysis (Prenatal DNA Analysis)

Pretransfusion Compatibility Testing

Procalcitonin (PCT)

Progesterone

Proinsulin

Prolactin

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), Total and Free

Protein (Total), Serum

Protein (Total), Urine

Protein C

Protein S

Protein, Cerebrospinal Fluid

Prothrombin G20210A Molecular Mutation Assay

Prothrombin Time (PT) and the International Normalized Ratio (INR)

Pyruvate Kinase (PK), Red Blood Cell

Quantitative Pilocarpine Iontophoresis Sweat Test

Red Blood Cells (RBCs): Count and Morphology

Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW)

Reptilase Time (RT)

Reticulocytes

Reverse T
3
(rT
₃
), Triiodothyronine, Reverse

Rheumatoid Factor (RF)

Rosette Test

Salicylates (Aspirin)

Screening for Fetal Chromosome Abnormalities and Neural Tube Defects

Second-Trimester Screening (Maternal Serum Screening; Quad Screen)

Sedative–Hypnotics

Barbiturates

Semen Analysis

Semen Fructose

Serotonin, Blood

Serum Protein Electrophoresis/ Immunofixation

Sex Hormone–Binding Globulin (SHBG)

Sickle Solubility Test (SST)

Sodium (Na)

Sodium, Urine

Tay-Sachs Disease Molecular DNA Assay

Testosterone, Total, Free, Bioavailable

Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine)

Thrombin Time (TT)

Thromboelastogram (TEG)

Thyroglobulin (Tg)

Thyroid Autoantibody Tests

Thyroid Hormone–Binding Ratio (THBR)

Thyroid Radioactive Iodine Uptake (RAIU)

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) Stimulation Test

Thyroxine, Free (FT
4
) 1159 Thyroxine, Total (T
₄
) 1160 Thyroxine-Binding Globulin (TBG)

Tissue Transglutaminase IgA Antibody (tTG-IgA)

Transferrin (TRF)

Triglycerides

Triiodothyronine (T
3
) 1168 Triiodothyronine (T
₃
) Resin Uptake (RUR)

Troponins, Cardiac-Specific Troponin I and Troponin T

Urea Nitrogen, Urine

Uric Acid (2,6,8-Trioxypurine, Urate)

Uric Acid, Urine

Urinalysis, Complete

Urine Protein Electrophoresis/ Immunofixation

Urovysion
™
FISH for Bladder Cancer

Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA), Urine

Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP)

Viscosity, Serum

Vitamin A (Retinol, Carotene)

Vitamin A Relative Dose–Response (RDR) Test

Vitamin B
1
(Thiamine)

Vitamin B
12
(Cyanocobalamin, Cobalamin)

Vitamin B
2
(Riboflavin)

Vitamin B
6
(Pyridoxine)

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)

Vitamin D, 1,25-Dihydroxy

Vitamin D, 25 Hydroxy

Vitamin E (Alpha-Tocopherol)

von Willebrand Disease (VWD) Assays

Results

Water Deprivation Test

White Blood Cell: Inclusions and Morphologic Abnormalities

White Blood Cell Counts and Differentials

Xylose Absorption Test

Zinc (Zn)

This Chapter presents the most commonly ordered serum, plasma, and whole blood laboratory tests arranged in alphabetical order. Each entry is titled using the most common naming convention existing in the United States. When appropriate, alternate name(s), definition, reference ranges, clinical use, interpretation, limitations, and suggested readings are given. Microbiology tests such as laboratory cultures have been organized into a separate Chapter, Infectious Disease Assays (p. 1203). The basis of current molecular assays is reviewed in the Chapter on Hereditary and Genetic Diseases (p. 473).

It is important to note that many of these tests are available by point-of-care testing (POCT). The main advantage of POCT is immediate turnaround time. However, it is also necessary to consider the disadvantages of POCT, such as reliability of interpretation due to lower assay sensitivity and susceptibility to interfering substances. Other issues include ensuring personnel proficiency, quality assurance, data management, and cost.

1,5-ANHYDROGLUCITOL (1,5-AG)

   Definition

   1,5-Anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG), sometimes known as GlycoMark, is a monosaccharide that shows a structural similarity to glucose. Its main source in humans is dietary ingestion, particularly meats and cereals. In addition, 10% of 1,5-AG is derived from endogenous synthesis. It is generally not metabolized, and in healthy subjects, it achieves a stable plasma concentration that reflects a steady balance between ingestion and urinary excretion.

   
Normal range:
10.7–32.0 μg/mL in males; 6.8–29.3 μg/mL in females.

   Use

   Used clinically to monitor short-term glycemic control in patients with diabetes (1–2 weeks)