Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests: Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis (766 page)

   Interpretation

Increased In

   Hyperparathyroidism, primary and secondary

   Acute and chronic renal failure

   Following renal transplantation

   Osteomalacia with malabsorption

   Aluminum-associated osteomalacia

   Malignant tumors (especially breast, lung, kidney; 2% of patients with Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma)

   Direct bone metastases (up to 30% of these patients) (e.g., breast cancer, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer)

   Osteoclastic activating factor (e.g., multiple myeloma, Burkitt lymphoma; may be markedly increased in human T-cell leukemia virus-I–associated lymphoma

   Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy

   Ectopic production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
₃
(e.g., Hodgkin and non- Hodgkin lymphoma)

   Granulomatous disease (e.g., uncommon in sarcoidosis, TB, leprosy; more uncommon in mycoses, berylliosis, silicone granulomas, Crohn disease, eosinophilic granuloma, catscratch fever)

   Effect of drugs