Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests: Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis (767 page)

   Vitamin D and A intoxication

   Milk-alkali (Burnett) syndrome (rare)

   Diuretics (e.g., thiazides)

   Others (estrogens, androgens, progestins, tamoxifen, lithium, thyroid hormone, parenteral nutrition)

   Renal failure, acute or chronic

   Other endocrine conditions

   Thyrotoxicosis (in 20–40% of patients; usually <14 mg/dL)

   More uncommon: Some patients with hypothyroidism, Cushing syndrome, adrenal insufficiency, acromegaly, pheochromocytoma (rare), VIPoma syndrome

   Multiple endocrine neoplasia

   Acute osteoporosis (e.g., immobilization of young patients or in Paget disease)

   Miscellaneous

   Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

   Rhabdomyolysis causing acute renal failure