Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests: Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis (822 page)

   Acquired: Acquired anti–factor VIII autoantibodies in previously unaffected individuals; acquired anti–factor VIII alloantibodies in multiply transfused hemophilia A patients; DIC and pathologic fibrinolysis

   
Factor IX

   Congenital: hemophilia B:X-linked transmission

   Acquired: liver disease, vitamin K deficiency or use of vitamin K antagonists, nephrotic syndrome, amyloidosis, autoantibodies to factor IX in previously healthy individuals (extremely rare), alloantibodies in hemophilia B patients treated with factor IX infusions

   
Factor X

   Congenital: rare autosomal recessive defect. Homozygotes may have a bleeding diathesis.

   Acquired: severe liver disease; vitamin K deficiency or use of vitamin K antagonists, DIC, amyloidosis

   
Factor XI

   Congenital: autosomal recessive inheritance; mild bleeding diathesis if markedly decreased

   
Factor XIII

   Congenital: severe bleeding in homozygous state; impaired wound healing

   Acquired: liver disease; acute promyelocytic leukemia; autoantibodies against factor XIII

   Limitations