Year Zero (48 page)

7
. Ibid., 74.

8
. Naimark,
The Russians in Germany
, 72.

9
. Bessel,
Germany 1945
, 155.

10
. Okada Kazuhiro,
Manshu Annei Hanten
(Tokyo: Kojinsha, 2002), 103.

11
. Ibid., 128.

12
. Naimark,
The Russians in Germany,
108.

13
. Anonymous,
A Woman in Berlin: Eight Weeks in the Conquered City: A Diary
(New York: Metropolitan Books, 2005), 86.

14
. Naimark,
The Russians in Germany,
79.

15
. Quoted in Buisson,
1940–1945: Années érotiques
, 387.

16
. Ibid., 251–52.

17
. Jan Gross,
Fear: Anti-Semitism in Poland after Auschwitz
(New York: Random House, 2006), 82.

18
. Anna Bikont,
My z Jedawabnego [We from Jedwabne]
(Warsaw:
i S-ka, 2004). Translated excerpt by Lukasz Sommer.

19
. Testimony of Halina Wind Preston, July 26, 1977: www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/stories/related/preston_testimony.asp.

20
. Tony Judt,
Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945
(New York: Penguin Press, 2005), 38.

21
. Gross,
Fear
, 40.

22
. Naimark,
Fires of Hatred
, 122.

23
. Shephard,
The Long Road Home
, 122.

24
. Christian von Krockow,
Hour of the Women
(New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 96.

25
. Christian von Krockow,
Die Reise nach Pommern: Bericht aus einem verschwiegenen Land
(Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, 1985), 215.

26
. Herbert Hupka, ed.,
Letzte Tage in Schlesien
(Munich: Langen Müller, 1985), 138.

27
. Ibid., 81.

28
. Ernst Jünger,
Jahre der
Okkupation
(Stuttgart: Ernst Klett, 1958), 213–14.

29
. Krockow,
Hour of the Women,
110.

30
. MacDonogh,
After the Reich
, 128.

31
. Margarete Schell,
Ein Tagebuch aus Prag, 1945–46
(Bonn: Bundesministerium für Vertriebenen, 1957), 12.

32
. Ibid., 48.

33
. Ibid., 99.

34
. Ibid., 41.

35
. MacDonogh,
After the Reich
, 406.

36
. Dina Porat,
The Fall of the Sparrow: The Life and Times of Abba Kovner
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009), 214.

37
. Ibid., 212.

38
. Ibid., 215.

39
. Abba Kovner,
My Little Sister and Selected Poems, 1965–1985
(Oberlin, Ohio: Oberlin College Press, 1986).

40
. Judt,
Postwar
, 33.

41
. Harold Macmillan,
The Blast of War
,
1939–1945
(New York: Harper & Row, 1967), 576.

42
. Wilson,
Europe Without Baedeker
, 147.

43
. Figures quoted in Roy P. Domenico,
Italian Fascists on Trial
,
1943–1948
(Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 149.

44
. Wilson,
Europe Without Baedeker
, 157.

45
. Macmillan,
The Blast of War
, 193.

46
. Ibid.,501.

47
. Allan Scarfe and Wendy Scarfe, eds.,
All That Grief: Migrant Recollections of Greek Resistance to Fascism, 1941–1949
(Sydney, Australia: Hale and Iremonger, 1994), 95.

48
. Macmillan,
The Blast of War,
499.

49
. Mark Mazower, ed.,
After the War Was Over: Reconstructing the Family, Nation, and State in Greece, 1943–1960
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), 27.

50
. Macmillan,
The Blast of War,
547.

51
. 
The Times
(London), July 13, 1945.

52
. Macmillan,
The Blast of War,
515.

53
. Wilson,
Europe Without Baedeker
, 197.

54
. Spector,
In the Ruins of Empire
, 90.

55
. Cheah Boon Kheng, “Sino-Malay Conflicts in Malaya, 1945–1946: Communist Vendetta and Islamic Resistance,”
Journal for Southeast Asian Studies
12 (March 1981), 108–117.

56
. Gideon Francois Jacobs,
Prelude to the Monsoon
(Capetown, South Africa: Purnell & Sons, 1965), 124.

57
. Spector,
In the Ruins of Empire
, 174.

58
. Benedict Anderson,
Java in a Time of Revolution:
Occupation and Resistance, 1944–1946
(Jakarta: Equinox Publishing, 2005).

59
. L. de Jong,
Het koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de tweede wereldoorlog
, 11c, Staatsuitgeverij, 1986.

60
. Theodore Friend,
Indonesian Destinies
(Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press, 2003), 27.

61
. Jan A. Krancher, ed.,
The Defining Years of the Dutch East Indies, 1942–1949: Survivors' Accounts of Japanese Invasion and Enslavement of Europeans and the Revolution That Created Free Indonesia
(Jefferson, NC: MacFarland, 1996), 193.

62
. Spector,
In the Ruins of Empire
, 179.

63
. De Jong,
Het koninkrijk der Nederlanden
,
582.

64
. Anderson,
Java in a Time of Revolution
, 166.

65
. Spector,
In the Ruins of Empire
, 108.

66
. Jean-Louis Planche,
Sétif 1945: Histoire d'un massacre annoncé
(Paris: Perrin, 2006), 139.

67
. Martin Evans,
Algeria: France's Undeclared War
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2012).

68
. Françoise Martin,
Heures tragiques au Tonkin: 9 mars 1945–18 mars 1946
(Paris: Editions Berger-Levrault, 1947), 133.

69
. David G. Marr,
Vietnam 1945: The Quest for Power
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 333.

70
. Martin,
Heures tragiques au Tonkin
, 179.

71
. Ibid., 129.

72
. Spector,
In the Ruins of Empire
, 126.

CHAPTER 4: GOING HOME

1
. For a detailed analysis, see Timothy Snyder's magisterial book
Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
(New York: Basic Books, 2010).

2
. Imre Kertész,
Fateless
(Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1992).

3
. Quoted in Dienke Hondius,
Holocaust Survivors and Dutch Anti-Semitism
(Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003), 103.

4
. Ibid., 101.

5
. Roger Ikor,
Ô soldats de quarante! . . . en mémoire
(Paris: Albin Michel, 1986), 95.

6
. Marguerite Duras,
The War
(New York: Pantheon Books, 1986), 15.

7
. Ibid., 14.

8
. Ibid., 53.

9
. Ango,
Darakuron
, 227.

10
. Dower,
Embracing Defeat
, 58.

11
. 
Koe
, vol. 1 (Tokyo: Asahi Shimbunsha, 1984), 103. No author, this is a collection of letters sent to the newspaper.

12
. Ibid., 104.

13
. Bill Mauldin,
Back Home
(New York: William Sloane, 1947), 18.

14
. Ibid., 45.

15
. Ibid., 54.

16
. Nicholai Tolstoy,
The Minister and the Massacres
(London: Century Hutchinson, 1986), 31.

17
. Quoted in Gregor Dallas,
1945: The War That Never Ended
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale, 2005), 519.

18
. Tolstoy,
The Minister and the Massacres
, 13.

19
. Ibid.

20
. Nicholas Bethell,
The Last Secret:
The Delivery to Stalin of over Two Million Russians by Britain and the United States
(New York: Basic Books, 1974), 86.

21
. Ibid., 87.

22
. Borivoje M.
,
The Bloodiest Yugoslav Spring: Tito's Katyns and Gulags
(New York: Carlton Press, 1980), 73.

23
. Macmillan,
The Blast of War
, 436.

24
. Shephard,
The Long Road Home
, 80.

25
. Bethell,
The Last Secret
, 18, 19.

26
. Ibid., 133.

27
. Ibid., 138.

28
. Ibid., 142.

29
. Ibid., 140.

30
. Dallas,
1945
, 560.

31
. 
Yank
, August 24, 1945.

32
. Dallas,
1945
, 549.

33
. Naimark,
Fires of Hatred
, 109.

34
. Ibid., 110.

35
. Lehndorff,
Ostpreussisches Tagebuch
, 169.

36
. Hupka,
Letzte Tage in Schlesien
, 265.

37
. Jünger,
Jahre der Okkupation
, 195.

38
. Author's communication with Fritz Stern.

39
. Quoted in Bessel,
Germany 1945
, 223.

40
. Hupka,
Letzte Tage in Schlesien
, 64.

41
. 
Yank
, September 21, 1945, 16.

42
. Naimark,
Fires of Hatred,
112.

43
. Ibid., 115.

44
. Antony Polonsky and Boleslaw Drukier,
The Beginnings of Communist Rule in Poland
(London and Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980), 425.

45
. Grossmann,
Jews, Germans, and Allies
, 199.

46
. Quoted by Grossmann, 148.

47
. Ibid., 147.

48
. 
New York Herald Tribune
, December 31, 1945.

49
. Heymont,
Among the Survivors
, 21.

50
. Grossmann,
Jews, Germans, and Allies
, 181.

51
. Quoted in Hagit Lavsky,
New Beginnings: Holocaust Survivors in Bergen-Belsen and the British Zone in Germany, 1945–1950
(Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2002), 64.

52
. Rosensaft himself never settled in Israel. He apparently told some Israelis, “You danced the hora while we were being burned in the crematoriums.” (Quoted in Shephard,
The Long Road Home
, 367.)

53
. Heymont,
Among the Survivors
, 47–48.

54
. Quoted in Shabtai Teveth,
Ben-Gurion: The Burning Ground, 1886–1948
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987), 853.

55
. Avishai Margalit, “The Uses of the Holocaust,”
New York Review of Books
, February 14, 1994.

56
. Tom Segev,
The Seventh Million
: The Israelis and the Holocaust (New York: Hill and Wang, 1993), 99–100.

57
. Teveth,
Ben-Gurion,
871.

58
. Ibid., 870.

59
. Heymont,
Among the Survivors
, 66.

60
. Teveth,
Ben-Gurion
, 873.

61
. The Harrison Report, so called after Earl G. Harrison, the U.S. representative on the Inter-Governmental Committee on Refugees.

62
. Letter dated August 31, 1945.

63
. PRO FO 1049/81/177, quoted in
Life Reborn
, conference proceedings, edited by Menachem Rosensaft (Washington, D.C., 2001), 110.