Year Zero (50 page)

34
. Bruce Cumings,
The Origins of the Korean War: Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes, 1945–1947
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981), 88.

35
. 
Yank
, November 2, 1945.

36
. Cary, ed.,
From a Ruined Empire
, 32.

37
. 
Yank,
November 2, 1945.

38
. Cumings,
Origins of the Korean War
, 392.

39
. Spector,
In the Ruins of Empire
, 163.

40
. Ibid., 160.

41
. Ibid., 148.

42
. Cary, ed.,
From a Ruined Empire
, 197.

43
. Robert Skidelsky,
John Maynard Keynes, 1883–1946: Economist, Philosopher, Statesman
(New York: Penguin Books, 2005), 779.

44
. Nicolson,
Diaries
, 325.

45
. Judt,
Postwar
, 88.

CHAPTER 8: CIVILIZING THE BRUTES

1
. Dower,
Embracing Defeat
, 215–17.

2
. Annan,
Changing Enemies
, 160.

3
. Ibid., 162.

4
. Döblin and Feuchtwanger quoted in Tent,
Mission on the Rhine
, 23.

5
. Quoted in Tent,
Mission on the Rhine
, 39.

6
. Nicholas Pronay and Keith Wilson, eds.,
The
Political Re-education of Germany and Her Allies after World War II
(London: Croom Helm, 1985), 198.

7
. Günter Grass,
Beim Haüten der Zwiebel
(Göttingen: Steidl, 2006), 220–21.

8
. John Gimbel,
A German Community Under American Occupation: Marburg, 1945–52
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1961), 168.

9
. Pronay and Wilson, eds.,
The Political Re-education of Germany
, 173.

10
. 
Yank
, July, 20, 1945.

11
. Ibid.

12
. Spender,
European Witness
, 229.

13
. 
Yank,
July 20, 1945.

14
. Spender,
European Witness
, 44.

15
. Ibid., 46.

16
. Ibid., 158.

17
. Andreas-Friedrich,
Battleground Berlin
, 82.

18
. Naimark,
The Russians in Germany
, 399.

19
. Ibid., 402.

20
. Andreas-Friedrich,
Battleground Berlin
, 66.

21
. Bach,
America's Germany
, 228.

22
. Ibid.

23
. Andreas-Friedrich,
Battleground Berlin
, 92.

24
. Bach,
America's Germany,
218.

25
. 
The Times
(London), July 11, 1945.

26
. Dower,
Embracing Defeat
, 190.

27
. De Beauvoir,
Force of Circumstance
, 17.

28
. Ibid., 33.

29
. Corinne Defrance,
La politique culturelle de la France sur la rive gauche du Rhin, 1945-1955
(Strasbourg: Presses Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1994), 126.

30
. Döblin,
Schicksalsreise
, 273.

31
. Quoted in Monnet,
Mémoires
, 339.

32
. Barton J. Bernstein, ed.,
The Atomic Bomb: The Critical Issues
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1976), 113.

33
. Dower,
Embracing Defeat
, 218.

34
. Ibid., 77.

35
. Edward T. Imparato,
General MacArthur: Speeches and Reports
,
1908–1964
(Paducah, KY: Turner, 2000), 146.

36
. Bowers, “How Japan Won the War.”

37
. Ibid.

38
. 
Mainichi Shimbun
, quoted in Dower,
Embracing Defeat
, 549.

39
. Rinjiro,
Dear General MacArthur
, 33.

40
. Dower,
Embracing Defeat
, 77.

41
. Quoted by Bowers in “How Japan Won the War.”

42
. Quoted in “The Occupation of Japan,” a seminar sponsored by the MacArthur Memorial Library and Archives, November 1975, 129.

43
. LaCerda,
The Conqueror Comes to Tea
, 165–66.

44
. 
Koe
, 115.

45
. Dower,
Embracing Defeat,
67.

46
. Keene,
So Lovely a Country
, 118.

CHAPTER 9: ONE WORLD

1
. Urquhart,
A Life in Peace and War
, 85.

2
. Ibid., 93.

3
. Stéphane Hessel,
Danse avec le siècle
(Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1997), 99.

4
. Mark Mazower,
Governing the World: The History of an Idea
(New York: Penguin Press, 2012), 208.

5
. Ibid., 194.

6
. E. B. White,
The Wild Flag:
Editorials from
The New Yorker
on Federal World Government and Other Matters
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1946), 72.

7
. Ibid., 82.

8
. Menno Spiering and Michael Wintle, eds.,
European Identity and the Second World War
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 126.

9
. John Foster Dulles,
War or Peace
, with a special preface for this edition (New York: Macmillan, 1957), 38. First published 1950.

10
. Neal Rosendorf, “John Foster Dulles' Nuclear Schizophrenia,” in John Lewis Gaddis et al., eds.,
Cold War Statesmen Confront the Bomb: Nuclear Diplomacy Since 1945
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 64–69.

11
. Joseph Preston Baratta,
The Politics of World Federation: United Nations, UN Reform, Atomic Control
(Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004), 127.

12
. 
New York Times
, October 10, 1945.

13
. 
The
Times
(London), November 20, 1945.

14
. Townsend Hoopes and Douglas Brinkley,
FDR and the Creation of the U.N.
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000), 41.

15
. Dan Plesch,
America, Hitler, and the UN: How the Allies Won World War II and Forged a Peace
(London: I. B. Tauris, 2011), 170.

16
. Roosevelt's words are quoted in Mazower,
Governing the World
, 209.

17
. “Remarks Upon Receiving an Honorary Degree from the University of Kansas City,” June 28, 1945, trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/viewpapers.php?pid=75.

18
. White,
The Wild Flag
, 82.

19
. 
Yank
, June 15, 1945.

20
. 
Daily Herald
, May 1945.

21
. Author's conversation with Gladwyn Jebb's grandson, Inigo Thomas.

22
. 
Time
, May 14, 1945.

23
. Urquhart,
A Life in Peace and War
, 94.

24
. 
The Nation
, June 30, 1945.

25
. Mark Mazower, “The Strange Triumph of Human Rights, 1933–1950,”
The Historical Journal
47, no. 2 (June 2004), 392.

26
. William Roger Louis,
The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 163.

27
. 
Manchester Guardian
, June 4, 1945.

28
. Louis,
British Empire in the Middle East
, 148.

29
. 
The Times
(London), October 6, 1945.

30
. White,
The Wild Flag
, 80.

31
. Ibid., 81.

32
. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.,
A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), 88–89.

33
. 
The Times
(London), August 17, 1945.

34
. Report by Secretary Byrnes, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/decade18.asp.

35
. Dulles,
War or Peace
, 27.

36
. Ibid., 30.

37
. Ibid., 40.

38
. 
New York Times
, December 31, 1945.

The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.

Aachen,
281
–82,
302

Abs, Hermann Josef,
181
–82,
183
,
186

Acheson, Dean,
296

Action in the North Atlantic,
287

Adenauer, Konrad,
282
,
283
,
294
,
297

Adorno, Theodor,
289
–90

Aeschylus,
Eumenides,
209
–10,
225

Africa,
253

agriculture,
63

Aleppo,
323

Alexander, Harold,
151

Algeria,
121
–24,
125

hunger in,
121
,
122

Sétif,
122
,
124
,
315

Allied Control Council,
42

American culture,
289
–92

Hollywood movies,
286
–87,
290
,
320

jazz,
289
–90,
291

American Hijiki
(Nosaka),
40
,
44
–45,
55

American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC),
168

American Observer,
286

Amsterdam,
14
,
15
,
136

Andong,
81
,
196
,
203
,
204

brothel in,
196
–97

Andreas-Friedrich, Ruth,
171
–72,
177
–78,
180
,
235
–36,
283
,
285
–88,
290
–91

“Angelus Novus” (Klee),
ix

Anielewicz, Mordechai,
161
–62

Annan, Noel,
247

Annei Inn,
196
–97

Antelme, Robert,
138
–39

Aquino, Benigno,
189
,
191

Aquino, Benigno, III,
191

Aquino, Corazon “Cory,”
191

Arbuthnot, Robert,
152

Arc de Triomphe
(Remarque),
290

Arendt, Hannah,
228

Argentina,
319

Arnhem,
2
,
16
,
307

Asahi,
141
–42,
302
–3

Asia,
8
,
34
,
102
,
111

attacks of vengeance in,
111
–13,
117
,
118

displaced people in,
131

Athens,
106
,
108
–9,
209

Atlantic Charter,
314
–15,
323
,
324

Atlantic Monthly,
313

atomic bombs,
312
–13,
329

on Hiroshima,
60
,
66
,
271
,
296
,
298
,
304
,
309
,
312
–13

on Nagasaki,
271
,
296
,
298
,
309
,
327

Soviet Union and,
313

Attlee, Clement,
167
,
243
,
249
–52,
262
,
271
,
273
,
289
,
313
–14

Aufbau,
286

Auschwitz,
93
,
133
,
161
,
163
,
182
,
183
,
206
,
228
,
229
,
231
,
232

Austro-Hungarian Empire,
95
,
158
,
170

Ayukawa Gisuke,
260
–61

Bach, Julian Sebastian,
46
,
47
,
288

Back Home
(Mauldin),
143

Baden-Baden,
73
,
292

Baker, Beatrice M.,
308

Baldwin, Hanson W.,
329

Balfour, James,
166

Balfour Declaration,
166
–67

Bancroft, George,
278

Bandera, Stepan,
170

Bao Dai,
121

Bárdossy, Lászó,
207

Bartov, Hanoch,
160

Bataan Death March,
213
–14

Battalion X,
116

Beatles,
23
,
51

Beauvoir, Simone de,
20
,
25
,
291
–92

Becher, Johannes,
284
,
285

Beckers, Karl,
282

Beethoven, Ludwig van,
278
,
283
,
337

Belarus,
319

Belgium,
84
,
102
,
207
,
253

prosecutions for collaboration in,
207

Beneš, Edvard,
95
,
97
,
159

Bengal,
56

Bengal Famine Mixture,
56

Ben-Gurion, David,
164
–67

Benjamin, Walter,
ix

Berezhkov, Valentin,
20

Bergen-Belsen,
15
,
21
,
29
,
31
–32,
55
–57,
64
,
70
–71,
76
–77,
162
,
163
,
165
,
226
,
280
,
307

liberation of,
29
–30

trial at,
228
–30,
234

Berlin,
22
,
33
,
59
–60,
72
,
284

British and U.S. troops in,
42

destruction of,
4
–5

end of war and,
21

Berlin Alexanderplatz
(Döblin),
72

Berliner Tagesspiegel,
72

Berlin Wall,
22
,
285
,
335
–37

Bernhard, Prince,
24

Bevin, Ernest,
327
,
328
–29

Bhagavad Gita,
313

Bidault, Georges,
328

Bimko, Hadassah,
56
–57,
229

Birkenau,
163
,
206
,
228

Birley, Robert,
277
–78,
279
,
284

birthrates:

in displaced persons camps,
31
–33

in Netherlands,
28
–29,
31

of illegitimate children,
28
–29,
31
,
38

black market,
58
–60,
68
,
70
–72,
82
,
105

in France,
58

in Germany,
71
,
179
,
288

in Japan,
68
–70,
140

in Netherlands,
68

blacks:

American racism and,
280
,
287

in Japan,
45

Blake, William,
249
–50

Blaskowitz, Johannes,
16

Bleiburg,
147

Blue Angel, The,
40

Böll, Heinrich,
70

Borowski, Tadeusz,
75
–76,
77

Bosnia,
103

Bowers, Faubion,
297

Bradford, John P.,
281

Brecht, Bertolt,
Threepenny Opera,
283
–84,
285

Breslau,
158

Bretton Woods Conference,
317
–18

Brigade
(Bartov),
160

Britain,
243
–51,
273
,
335

change in social and political attitudes in,
243
–48

Conservative Party in,
243
–46,
248
,
273

cultural exchanges between Germany and,
278

cultural improvement in,
247
–48

elections of 1945 in,
8
,
10
,
243
–45,
250

food supplies in,
57
,
65

France and,
255
,
325

Germany's recovery and,
181

and Jews' move to Palestine,
167

Labour Party in,
243
–44,
246
–48,
250
,
271
,
273

London,
see
London

Malaya and,
111

Middle East and,
325

as model for world government,
310

New Jerusalem spirit in,
249
–51,
270
–71

plans for reforms in,
251

socialism in,
245
,
246
,
248
–50,
271

United Nations and,
326

British Foreign Office,
167
–68,
181
,
226
,
308

Brother Tomo,
118

Browning, F. A. M. “Boy,”
16

Brücke, Die,
278

Brünn,
158

Brussels,
273

Buchenwald,
133
,
226
,
231
,
232
,
241
–42,
252
,
280

Budapest,
59
–60,
133
,
205

Budinszky, László,
207

Budweis,
75

Buisson, Patrick,
26

Byrnes, James F.,
328
–29

Cairo,
248

Calvocoressi, Peter,
237

Camus, Albert,
310
–11

Canterbury Tale, A,
248
–50

capitalism,
177
,
181

Carinthia,
145
–46

Carmi, Israel,
99

Catholics,
311
,
312

Chamberlain, Neville,
255
,
323
,
335

Changchun,
196

Charlemagne,
281

Charpentier, Jacques,
222
–23

Chataigneau, Yves,
123

Chekhov, Anton,
284

Chiang Kai-shek,
62
,
66
,
102
,
124
,
191
–93,
195
,
196
,
318
,
326
,
330

China,
34
,
66
,
79
,
102
,
108
,
191
–97,
330

babies sold in,
69
–70

civil war in,
9
,
62
,
102
,
191
–97,
328

Communists in,
192
–97,
203
–4,
261
,
328
,
330

Japan and,
102
,
112
,
184
,
192
–97,
299

Japanese civilians in,
80
–81

Malaya and,
113
–14

Nanking,
see
Nanking

Soviet Union and,
80
–82,
195
–97

Tsingtao,
193
–94

United Nations and,
316
,
318
,
326
,
328
,
329

Cho Man-sik,
264
,
267
,
269

Christian Democrats,
271
,
273
,
282
,
289

Christian universalism,
311
,
322

Chungking,
330

Churchill, Clementine,
245

Churchill, Winston,
19
,
91
,
103
,
107
,
150
,
154
,
155
,
227
,
244
,
246
,
247
,
250
–52,
254
,
256
,
271
,
273
,
310
,
318
–20,
324
,
328
–29

Allied victory and,
17
,
18
–19

Atlantic Charter and,
314
–15

in elections of 1945,
8
,
10
,
243
–45,
250

Greece and,
109
,
110

United Nations and,
316
–17

war crimes and,
210
,
225
–26,
235

civil wars,
149
–50

Clay, Lucius,
65
,
66
,
177
,
185

Cleveringa, Rudolph,
3

Cold War,
9
–10,
103
,
270
,
272
,
294
,
303
,
327
–28

Combat,
310
–11

Cologne,
60
,
180
,
282
,
288

colonialism,
111
,
315
,
325
–26

Communist Party, communism,
6
,
64
,
82
,
186
,
250
,
254
–55,
272
,
312
,
328
,
335

in anti-Nazi and anti-fascist resistance,
102
–3,
109
,
175

in China,
192
–97,
203
–4,
261
,
328
,
330