Year Zero (49 page)

64
. Bethell,
The Last Secret
, 8.

CHAPTER 5: DRAINING THE POISON

1
. Andreas-Friedrich,
Battleground Berlin
, 27.

2
. Luc Huyse and Steven Dhondt,
La répression des collaborations, 1942–1952: Un passé toujours présent
(Brussels: CRISP, 1991), 147.

3
. Sodei Rinjiro, ed.,
Dear General MacArthur: Letters from the Japanese During the American Occupation
(New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), 70.

4
. Ibid., 87.

5
. Ibid., 78.

6
. Directive from the State, War, Navy Coordinating Committee, quoted in Hans H. Baerwald,
The Purge of Japanese Leaders Under the Occupation
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1959), 7.

7
. Quoted by Faubion Bowers in “How Japan Won the War,”
The New York Times Magazine
, August 30, 1970.

8
. Cohen,
Remaking Japan
, 85.

9
. See Franz Neumann,
Behemoth: The Structure and Practice of National Socialism, 1933–44
, with a new introduction by Peter Hayes (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2009; published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum). First published 1942.

10
. Andreas-Friedrich,
Battleground Berlin
, 100.

11
. Ibid., 101.

12
. James F. Tent,
Mission on the Rhine:
Reeducation and Denazification in American-Occupied Germany
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982) 55.

13
. Zuckmayer,
Deutschlandbericht
, 137.

14
. Timothy R. Vogt,
Denazification in Soviet-Occupied Germany: Brandenburg, 1945–1948
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), 34.

15
. Ibid., 38.

16
. Tom Bower,
The Pledge Betrayed: America and Britain and the Denazification of Postwar Germany
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), 148.

17
. Ibid., 8.

18
. Henke,
Die Amerikanische Besetzung Deutschlands
, 487.

19
. Cohen,
Remaking Japan
, 161.

20
. Jerome Bernard Cohen,
Japan's Economy in War and Reconstruction
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1949), 432.

21
. Cohen,
Remaking Japan
, 154.

22
. Rinjiro,
Dear General MacArthur
, 176.

23
. Ibid., 177.

24
. LaCerda,
The Conqueror Comes to Tea
, 25.

25
. Cohen,
Remaking Japan
, 45.

26
. Dower,
Embracing Defeat
, 530.

27
. Cary, ed.,
From a Ruined Empire
, 107.

28
. Chalmers Johnson,
MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925–1975
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1982), 42.

29
. Teodoro Agoncillo,
The Fateful Years: Japan's Adventure in the Philippines, 1941–1945
(Quezon City, The Philippines: R. P. Garcia, 1965), 672.

30
. Stanley Karnow,
In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines
(New York: Random House, 1989), 327.

31
. Ibid., 328.

32
. Jay Taylor,
The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 323.

33
. Keene's letter to T. de Bary in Cary, ed.,
From a Ruined Empire
, 128.

34
. Spector,
In the Ruins of Empire
, 41.

35
. Odd Arne Westad,
Cold War and Revolution: Soviet-American Rivalry and the Origins of the Chinese Civil War, 1944–1946
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), 90.

36
. Two books on the Annei Hanten are Okada Kazuhiko,
Manshu Annei Hanten
(Kojinsha, 2002), and Fujiwara Sakuya,
Manshu, Shokokumin no Senki
, cited in chapter 2 above.

37
. Peter Novick,
The Resistance Versus Vichy: The Purge of Collaborators in Liberated France
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1968), 40.

38
. Ibid., 77–78.

39
. Quoted in Beevor and Cooper,
Paris After the Liberation
, 104.

CHAPTER 6: THE RULE OF LAW

1
. Fujiwara,
Manshu, Shokokumin no Senki
, 175.

2
. Márai,
Memoir of Hungary
, 188.

3
. István Deák, Jan Tomasz Gross, Tony Judt, eds.,
The Politics of Retribution in Europe: World War II and Its Aftermath
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), 235.

4
. Ibid.

5
. Ibid., 237.

6
. Ibid., 235.

7
. Ibid., 134.

8
. Ibid., 135.

9
. Mazower, ed.,
After the War Was Over
, 31.

10
. Lee Sarafis, “The Policing of Deskati, 1942–1946,” in Mazower, ed.,
After the War Was Over
, 215.

11
. Scarfe and Scarfe,
All That Grief
, 165–66.

12
. Translation by E. D. A. Morshead.

13
. Quoted in John W. Powell, “Japan's Germ Warfare: The US Cover-up of a War Crime, “
Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars
12 (October/December 1980), 9.

14
. Lawrence Taylor,
A Trial of Generals:
Homma, Yamashita, MacArthur
(South Bend, IN: Icarus Press, 1981), 125.

15
. 
Yank
, “Tiger's Trial,” November 30, 1945.

16
. Taylor,
A Trial of Generals
, 137.

17
. A. Frank Reel,
The Case of General Yamashita
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949), 34.

18
. Richard L. Lael,
The Yamashita Precedent: War Crimes and Command Responsibility
(Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1982), 111.

19
. Taylor,
A Trial of Generals
, 195.

20
. Lael,
The Yamashita Precedent
, 118.

21
. Quoted in J. Kenneth Brody,
The Trial of Pierre Laval: Defining Treason, Collaboration and Patriotism in World War II France
(New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2010), 136.

22
. 
Time
, January 4, 1932.

23
. Geoffrey Warner,
Pierre Laval and the Eclipse of France
(New York: Macmillan, 1969), 301.

24
. For a detailed description of Mussert's criminal venality, see Tessel Pollmann,
Mussert en Co
.:
de NSB-leider en zijn vertrouwelingen
(Amsterdam: Boom, 2012).

25
. 
Time
, October 15, 1945.

26
. Jean-Paul Cointet,
Pierre Laval
(Paris: Fayard, 1993), 517.

27
. Jacques Charpentier,
Au service de la liberté
(Paris: Fayard, 1949), 268.

28
. Hubert Cole,
Laval
(London: Heinemann, 1963), 284.

29
. Cointet,
Pierre Laval
, 527.

30
. Jan Meyers,
Mussert
(Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspers, 1984), 277.

31
. Ibid., 275.

32
. Cointet,
Pierre Laval
, 537.

33
. Quoted in Novick,
The Resistance Versus Vichy
, 177.

34
. George Kennan,
Memoirs 1925–1950
(Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1967), 260.

35
. Dower,
Embracing Defeat
, 445.

36
. Telford Taylor,
The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992), 29.

37
. Spender,
European Witness
, 221.

38
. 
Yank
, May 18, 1945.

39
. Website of the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission.

40
. 
The Times
(London), April 20, 1945.

41
. 
Daily Mirror
(London), April 20, 1945.

42
. 
The Times
(London), April 28, 1945.

43
. Shephard,
After Daybreak
, 166.

44
. 
The Times
(London), September 24, 1945.

45
. Ibid., November 9, 1945.

46
. Shephard,
After Daybreak
, 171–72.

47
. 
The Times
(London), November 8, 1945.

48
. Ernst Michel, DANA report, January 9, 1945.

49
. Rebecca West,
The New Yorker
, October 26, 1946.

50
. Telford Taylor,
Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials
, 25.

51
. Ibid., 26.

52
. Ernst Michel, DANA, February 15, 1946.

53
. Jünger,
Jahre der Okkupation
, 176.

54
. Andreas-Friedrich,
Battleground Berlin
, 63–64.

55
. Telford Taylor,
Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials
, 167–68.

CHAPTER 7: BRIGHT CONFIDENT MORNING

1
. See Hermann Langbein,
Against All Hope: Resistance in the Nazi Concentration Camps, 1938–1945
(New York: Paragon House, 1994), 502.

2
. 
Manchester Guardian,
July 27, 1945.

3
. 
Daily Telegraph
(London), July 11, 2003.

4
. 
Manchester Guardian
, July 27, 1945.

5
. Ibid.

6
. Harold Nicolson,
The Harold Nicolson Diaries, 1907–1964
, Nigel Nicolson, ed. (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004), 321.

7
. Harold Macmillan,
Tides of Fortune, 1945–1955
(New York: Harper & Row, 1969), 32.

8
. Ibid., 33.

9
. Nicolson,
Diaries
, 318.

10
. Wilson,
Europe Without Baedeker
, 135.

11
. Ibid., 186.

12
. Noel Annan,
Changing Enemies: The Defeat and Regeneration of Germany
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1996), 183.

13
. Paul Addison,
Now the War Is Over: A Social History of Britain, 1945–51
(London: Jonathan Cape and the British Broadcasting Corporation, 1985), 14.

14
. Ibid., 13.

15
. Cyril Connolly,
Horizon
, June 1945, reprinted in
Ideas and Places
(London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1953), 27.

16
. 
Manchester Guardian
, June 5, 1945.

17
. Ibid., June 26, 1945.

18
. Roy Jenkins,
Mr. Attlee: An Interim Biography
(London: Heinemann, 1948), 255.

19
. Stéphane Hessel,
Indignez vous!
(Montpellier, France: Indigène Editions), 10.

20
. Duras,
The War
, 33.

21
. Arthur Koestler,
The Yogi and the Commissar
(New York: Macmillan, 1945), 82.

22
. Addison,
Now the War Is Over
, 18.

23
. Annan,
Changing Enemies
, 183.

24
. Winston Churchill, “Speech to the Academic Youth,” Zurich, September 9, 1946.

25
. Nicolson,
Diaries
, 333.

26
. Jean Monnet,
Mémoires
(Paris: Fayard, 1976), 283.

27
. See Tessel Pollmann,
Van Waterstaat tot Wederopbouw:
het leven van dr.ir. J.A. Ringers (1885-1965)
(Amsterdam: Boom, 2006).

28
. Dower,
Embracing Defeat
, 537.

29
. Ibid.

30
. Ibid., 538.

31
. Owen Lattimore,
Solution in Asia
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1945), 189.

32
. Cohen,
Remaking Japan
, 42.

33
. Morita Yoshio,
Chosen Shusen no kiroku: beiso
no
to Nihonjin no hikiage
(Tokyo: Gannando Shoten, 1964), 77.