Read A History of China Online
Authors: Morris Rossabi
Similarly, modern China comprises many different Chinas. It is a diverse and sprawling country with the largest population in the world, eight percent of which is non-Chinese, meaning that there is no rigid uniformity. Different provinces and regions have had different experiences and have had different ways of implementing policies over the past sixty years. Cities and rural areas have been exposed to different influences, and Han and non-Han have reacted differently to government policies. Generalizations about all of China have to be carefully qualified.
At the same time, predictions about China’s future have to be similarly guarded. The study of Chinese history is humbling. Unlike many of the stereotypes about traditional cultures, Chinese society has been ever changing.
Richard Baum,
Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994).
Leslie Chang,
Factory Girls: From Village to City in a Changing China
(New York: Random House, 2008).
Elizabeth Economy,
The River Runs Black: The Environmental Challenge to China’s Future
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004).
Gao Yuan,
Born Red: A Chronicle of the Cultural Revolution
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987).
Dru Gladney,
Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People’s Republic
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991).
Melvyn Goldstein,
The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
Kenneth Lieberthal,
Governing China: From Revolution through Reform
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2nd ed., 2004).
Ma Bo,
Blood Red Sunset: A Memoir of the Chinese Cultural Revolution
, trans. by Howard Goldblatt (New York: Penguin, 1996).
Roderick MacFarquhar and Michael Schoenhals,
Mao’s Last Revolution
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006).
Maurice Meisner,
Mao’s China and After: A History of the People’s Republic
(New York: The Free Press, 3rd.ed., 1999).
James Millward,
Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2007).
Michael Sullivan,
Art and Artists of Twentieth-Century China
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
Andrew Walder,
Fractured Rebellion: The Beijing Red Guard Movement
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009).
Abaoji, Emperor Taizu of Liao dynasty (872–926)
ʿ
Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)
Abu Zaid of Siraf
Academia Sinica
“agrarian reformers,” communists as
agricultural producers’ cooperatives
Aguda of Jurchens, Taizu of the Jin dynasty (1068–1123)
Ahmad (d. 1281)
Ai Qing (1910–1996)
Ai Weiwei (1957–)
Alamut
Altan Khan (1507–1582)
Amitabha (Buddha of Infinite Light and Buddha of Western Paradise)
Amur River
Analects
(
Lunyu
)
Andersson, Johan Gunnar (1874–1960)
“animal-style” art
An Lushan (ca. 703–757)
Annam
An Qingxu (d. 759)
An Shigao (?–168
CE
)
Anti-rightist campaign (1957)
Anyang
Ardebil Shrine
arhat
(“perfected one who has reached nirvana”)
Arigh Böke (ca. 1219–1266)
Arrow
incident
Autumn Harvest Uprising (1927)
Avalokitesvara
see
Guanyin
backyard steel furnaces
bai-hua
(colloquial language)
Ba Jin (Li Feigan) (1904–2005)
Bamiyan
Ban Biao (3–54)
Ban Chao (32–102)
“bandit extermination” campaigns
Ban Gu (32–92)
Banner system
Banpo
Ban Zhao (45–ca. 116)
baojia
(system of local government)
Beijing
Beijing Man (
Sinanthropus pekinensis
or
Pithecanthropus pekinensis
)
Beijing University
Belitung and Arab shipwreck
Bencao gangmu
(
Compendium of Materia Medica
)
Bhutan
bi
discs
Binglingsi
Blue Shirts
Bodhidharma (fl. fifth–sixth centuries
CE
)
bodhisattvas
Bogdo Gegen (“Living Buddha”)
Bohai
Bo Juyi (772–846)
Book of Documents
(
Shujing
)
Book of Odes
(
Shijing
)
Borodin, Mikhail (1884–1951)
Boxers (
Yihequan
)
Boxer Protocol and indemnities
Bo Xilai (1949–)
Bo Yibo (1908–2007)
British East India Company
bronze vessels
Broomhall, Marshall (1866–1937)
Buddha (ca. 563–483
BCE
)
Buddha and Lao Zi
Buddhism
Bukhara
Burhan Shahidi (1894–1989)
Burma
Cai Jing (1047–1126)
Cai Yuanpei (1868–1940)
Canton Commune (1927)
Cao Cao (155–220), king of Wei dynasty (220–265)
Cao Pi (187–226)
Cao Xueqin (1715 or 1724–1763 or 1764)
Cao Yin (d. 1712)
capital punishment
Castiglione, Guiseppe (Lang Shining) (1688–1766)
cavalry warfare
celadon ware
censuses
Chabi (1227–1281), wife of Khubilai Khan
Chahar Mongols
Champa
Chan Buddhism
Chang, K. C. (1931–2001)
Changan
Chao (state in Warring States period)
Characteristics of the Dharma (
Faxiang
) school
chariots and war
Chefoo Convention (1876)
Chen Baxian of Chen dynasty (503–559)
Chen Cheng (d. 1457)
Chen Duxiu (1879–1942)
Cheng, king of Zhou dynasty
Cheng (state in Warring States period)
Chengdu
Cheng Hao (1032–1085)
Cheng Tang
Cheng Yi (1033–1107)
Chengziya
Chennault, Claire Lee (1893–1958)
Chen Yilong (1608–1647)
Chen Youliang (1320–1363)
Chiang Ching-kuo(1910–1988)
Chiang Kai-shek (1887–1975)
China Merchants’ Steam Navigation Company
Chinese Buddhist Association
Chinese Eastern Railway
Chinese emigration
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
Chinese Islamic Association
Chinggis Khan (Genghis Khan) (r. 1206–1227)
Choibalsan, Kh. (1895–1952)
Chongqing (capital of Chiang Kai-shek)
Chongzong, emperor of Tang dynasty (656–710)
Christian missionaries
Chu (state in Warring States period)
chuanqi
(marvelous tales)
Chu cu
(
Songs of the South
)
Churchill, Winston (1874–1965)
civil-service examinations
Ci Xi, Empress Dowager of the Qing dynasty (1835–1908)
Clubb, O. Edmund (1901–1989)
Clunas, Craig (1954–)
coal
Cohong
commercialization
Communist International (Comintern)
compradors
Confucianism
Confucius (Kong Fuzi, Kong Qiu) (551–479
BCE
)
Convention of Peking (1861)
cowry shells
Criticize Confucius policy
Cultural Revolution
Daidu (Beijing)
Dai Li (1897–1946)
Dalai Lama
Da Ming lü
(
Grand Pronouncements
)
DaMing yitongzhi
(
Records of the Unity of the Great Ming
)
Daodejing
Daoism
Daoxuan (596–667)
Daozhou (562–645)
Daqing oil
Da Tang Xiyuji
(
Record of Western Regions in the Great Tang
)
Datong (Pingcheng)
Davies, John Paton (1908–1999)
Dawenkou
Daxue
(“Great Learning”)
Dehua
Demchugdongrob (Prince De) (1902–1966)
Democracy Wall
Deng Xiaoping (1904–1997)
Deshima
Dewey, John (1859–1952)
Dezong, emperor of the Tang dynasty (742–805)
Dharamsala
Di
Diamond Sutra
Dian (Yunnan)
“Diary of a Mad Man” (
Kuangren Riji
)
Ding Ling (Jiang Bingzhi) (1904–1986)
Ding ware
Disciplinary school of Buddhism (
Luzong
)
Donghu
Donglin Academy
Dong Qichang (1555–1636)
Dong Yuan (ca. 934–ca. 962)
Dongyue
Dong Zhongshu (179–104
BCE
)
Doolittle, James (1896–1993)
Dorgon (1612–1650)
Dou Gu (d. 88)
Dou Wan, tomb of
Dragon Boat Festival
dragon robes
Du Fu (712–770)
Du Huan (fl. ca. 750)
Duke Xiao
Duke of Zhou
Dunhuang
Dutch East India Company
Du Wenxiu (1823–1872)
Du You (735–812)
Du Yuesheng (1888–1951)
dynastic cycle
Eastern Jin dynasty (317–420)
Eastern Turkistan Republic
Eastern Turk Khaghanate
Eastern Zhou dynasty (771–221
BCE
)
Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou
Elliot, Charles (1801–1875)
Ennin (793 or 794–864)
equal-field system
Erdene Baatar (d. 1653)
Erlitou
Esen (d. 1455)
eunuchs
“ever-normal granary,”
“Ever-Victorious Army,”
export-led growth policy
extraterritoriality
Fairbank, John K. (1907–1991)
Falungong
Family
(novel)
famine in Great Leap Forward
Fang Guozhen (1319–1374)
Feng Menlong (1574–1646)
Fan Kuan (fl. 990–1020)
Fan Zhongyan (989–1052)
Fazang (643–712)
Faxian (337–ca. 422)
Fei River
Fei Xiaotong (1910–2005)
female infanticide
Feng Guifen (1809–1874)
Ferghana (Uzbekistan)
Ferguson, John (1890–1975)
feudalism
Five-Anti campaign
Five Dynasties
Five Emperors (
Wudi
)
“Five Pecks of Rice” movement
Five-Year Plan
Flying Tigers
foot binding
foreign entertainers
Fotudeng (ca. 231–349)
Four Books
Four Modernizations
Four Pests campaign
France and Southeast Asia
“Free Tibet,”
Fryer, John (1839–1928)
fu
(prose poem)
Fu Jian (337–385)
Fustat
Fuxi and animal husbandry
Galdan (1644–1697)
Gamble, Sidney (1890–1968)
Gang of Four
Gao Gang (1905–1954)
Gao Ming (ca. 1305–ca. 1370)
Gao Xianzhi (d. 756)
Gao Xingjian (1940–)
Gao Xiong (d. 607)
Gaozong, emperor of Tang dynasty
see
Li Zhi
Gaozu, emperor of Han dynasty
see
Liu Bang
Gaozu, emperor of Tang dynasty
see
Li Yuan
garden culture
gazetteers
Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907)
Gerbillon, Jean-François (1654–1707)
Germany and Shandong
Ghiyath al-Din Naqqash (fl. 1419–1422)
Gini coefficient
ginseng
Golden Horde
Golden Lotus, The
(
Jinpingmei
)
Gong, Prince (1833–1898)
Gorbachev, Mikhail (1931–)
Gordon, Charles (1833–1885)
Grand Canal
Great Depression
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Great Game
Great Leap Forward
Great Wall
Green Gang
Guan Daosheng (1262–1319)
Guangwu, emperor of Later Han dynasty (r. 25–57)
Guangxu, emperor of the Qing dynasty (1871–1908)
guanxi
(relationships) and corruption
Guanyin
Guan Yu (Guan Di, God of War) (d. 219)
Guan Zhong (ca. 720–645
BCE
)
Guanzi
guerilla warfare
Guifeng Zongmi (780–841)
Gu Kailai (1958–)
Gu Kaizhi (344–406)