A History of the Crusades (66 page)

clergy: and armies
25
,
49

      banned from crusading
47
,
177

      and crusader privileges
71

      and Gregorian Reform
26
–7

      in Latin East
158
,
317
–18

      and lay religion
31
–3

      and military orders
193
,
195
,
198
,
199
,
201
,
206
,
340
,
362

      and preaching of crusades
45
,
46

      and taxation
262
–4

Clermont, Council (1095)
1
–2,
29
,
35
,
42
,
43
,
47
,
71
,
80
,
138
,
368

clientage, and recruitment
87

Clinton, Roger de
370

Coenaculum
147
,
162

Coeur, Jacques
249

Cogniet, Leon
375

coinage: of Amalric
144

      of Baldwin III
143

      Byzantine influence
138
,
139

      Cypriot
294

      increased circulation
49

      supply
64

colonization: and Latin East
111
–12,
125
,
129
,
137
,
292
,
320
–2

      and military orders
186
,
331
–2

Columbus, Christopher
285

confessor, personal
72

confraternities: and financing ofcrusades
54

      Protestant
388
–9

Conon of Béthune
85

      and crusadesongs
94
,
97
,
103

Conrad III of Germany (1093–1153),

and Second Crusade
38
,
43
,
61
,
62
,
83
,
122

Conrad IV of Germany and Jerusalem (1228–54)
133
,
135

Conrad of Masovia
180
–1

Conradin, and papacy
40

Constable, Giles
11
,
12

Constance, Council (1414–18): and John Hus
280

      and Papal Schism
337

      and Teutonic Knights
276
,
337

Constantinople: crusader capture (1104)
38
,
111
,
129
,
148
,
291

      crusader capture (1204)
3
,
38

      and First Crusade
60

      Greeks attempt recovery
4
,
131

      in Islamic thought
212

      and military orders
181

      Ottoman attacks
252
–3,
277

      Ottoman capture (1453)
253
–4,
277
,
299
,
308
,
312

      St Francis chapel
148
–9,
151

      and Second Crusade
62

      and trade
321

      Turkish capture (1261)
291
,
305

Constitutiones pro zelo fidei
258

contract: and crusade service
64
–5,
262

      shipping
61
,
62
–3,
65

Cor nostrum
43

Córdoba: Berber sack (1031)
243

      conquest (1232-53)
3
,
245

Corfu, and Venice
307
,
308

Corinth: Gulf of
301
,
302
,
308

      and Knights Hospitallers
302
,
336
;
see also
Lepanto, battle

Cornaro, Caterina
297

Cornaro family
174
,
320
,
322

Coron, Venetian control
130
,
291
,
302
,
306
,
307
,
308

corsairs
255
,
307
,
352
–3

corso
337
–8,
339
,
352
–3

Cosimo I de Medici, and Knights of Santo Stefano
288
,
348
,
349

cost of crusading
8
,
53
–4,
55
,
75
–6,
86
–7,
262

Counter-Reformation: and military orders
288
,
289

      and crusade as devotion
27
,
288

      and expansionism
288
–9

      and New World
285
,
289

      and Protestantism
289
–90

Courtois, M.
371

Crac des Chevaliers, castle
135
,
137
,
149
,
168
,
184
,
185
,
186
,
188

      chapel
145
–6,
149
,
163

      Muslim capture
239

credit, for crusaders
55
–6

Cressing Temple
195

Cresson, battle (1187)
187
,
189

Crete: and art
318

      and Latin East
130
–1,
302

      and Ottoman Turks
290
,
292
,
359

      and sugar industry
320

      Venetian control
111
,
292
,
308
–9,
316
,
322
,
338
,
349
,
352

Crimean War, and Holy Places
372
,
384

Croatia, and Venice
309

cross: distinction by colour
52
,
71

      taking
1
,
69
–73,
77
,
82
,
123
;
see also
Holy Cross

Cross, Orthodox monastery of
157

crusaders: criticism
72
–3,
265

      status
9
–10,
72
,
84
;
see also
privileges

crusades: criteria for success
258
,
259
–62,
264

      definition
9
–12

      effects
65
–7

      fifteenth-century
275
–83

      fourteenth-century
13
,
266
–75,
293
–4

      modern images
363
–84

      origins
15
–34

      participants
68
–89

      pluralist view
10
–12,
37
–41,
88

      political
4
,
39
–40

      practicalities
59
–65,
260

      recovery crusade
259
–65,
274
–5,
276
–9,
293
,
295

      revival and survival
385
–9

      seventeenthcentury
14
,
290

      sixteenthcentury
14
,
283
–90

      thirteenth-century crisis
258
–66

      traditionalist view
10
,
11

      western
3
,
11
–12,
39

see also
financing; heretics; leadership; preaching; promotion; recruitment

culture: Islamic and Christian
233
–4

      shared Latin
66

Cyprus: architecture
171
–5,
294
–5

      capture (1191)
111
,
125
,
147

      civil war (1229-33)
127
,
128

      and crusader art
153

      and frontier crusades
269

      and Latin Church
127
–8,
317

      Latin kingdom
125
–9,
291
,
293
–8,
312

      and local population
318
–19

      and Mamluk sultanate
248
–9,
293
,
294
,
295
–6,
312
,
315

      and military orders
126
,
181
,
207
–8,
294
,
298
,
324
–5,
335

      and Ottoman Turks
21
,
256
,
297
–8,
308
,
312
,
351

      and papacy
128

      political development
125
–9

      and sugar industry
127
,
174
,
320
,
322
,
335

      and trade
127
,
293
,
294
–6,
305
;
see also

Famagusta; Genoa; Nicosia; Venice

Damascus: Ayyub conquest
238

      Mongol attack
239
,
248

      and Saladin
225
,
228

      siege (1148)
122

      and Zangi
227

Damietta: and papacy
109

      siege and conquest (1218–19)
38
,
236
–7

Daniel of Chernigov
140

Danishmendid dynasty
218

Dardanelles: and Genoese-Venetian rivalry
307
–8

      Ottoman control
251
,
335

Darum, royal castle
167
,
168

Dashwood, Sir Francis (1708–81)
363

De Quincey, Thomas
374

Deësis miniature
141

deforestation
156

Delacroix, Eugène
379

Denmark, and Knights Hospitallers
345

Despenser, Henry
268

Deutsche Orden
388
–9,
391
; see also
Teutonic Knights

Devol, treaty (1108)
123

devotion: communal
30

      crusade as
27
,
68
,
77
–80,
88
,
89
,
288

Digby, Kenelm Henry
369
,
374

Dinmore, Herts.
376

Disraeli, Benjamin
366
–7,
379

dit
109

Dobrin order
180
,
181

Dodo of Cons-la-Grandville
75

Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem
142
,
156
,
162
,
217

Dominican order, and preaching of crusades
45

Douglas, William
273

Dubois, Peter, and crusade treatises
207
,
260

Duffield, Peter
74

Duqaq, nephew of Malik-Shah
216

economy, and stimulus of crusades
66
–7

Edessa, county of: and Baldwin of Boulogne
36

      and Byzantium
123

      Frankish settlement
111
,
115
–16

      and kingdom of Jerusalem
121

      Muslim conquest (1144)
37
,
121
,
227

Edward I of England (1239–1307): and crusade planning
261

      and Cyprus
125

      as divisional commander
64
,
369

Edward VII of Britain
368
–9

Edwards, Robert
169

Egypt: and Cyprus
296
,
312

      and Fifth Crusade
3
,
38
,
134
,
236
–7

      and First Crusade
218

      indigenous Christians
215

      and Latin East
122
,
123
–4,
132
,
136

      and Louis IX
3
,
62
,
125
,
136
,
189
,
238
,
380

      and Mamluk sultanate
240
–2,
248
–9

      and military orders
196

      modern interest in
363
–4

      and Mongols
239

      and Nur al-Din
227
,
228

      and Ottoman Turks
284
,
296
,
297

      and Saladin
38
,
124
,
228

      and Third Crusade
38
,
61
,
62

      and Venice
316
;
see also
Ayyubid empire; Damietta

Ehrentisch
(table of honour)
273

Eisenhower, Dwight
383

élites: and central power
21
–2

      and First Crusade
33

      as
milites
24
–6

Elizabeth of Hungary
376

Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy
349

encyclical, crusade
42

England: and financing of crusades
57
–8

      and Knights Hospitallers
345

      nineteenthcentury interest in crusades
368
–9,
371
–2,
374
–8,
379

      war with France
47
,
259
,
266
,
267
,
274
,
284
,
314
;
see also
Spanish Armada

Enlart, Camille
161

enlightenment, and Knights Hospitallers
356