A History of the Crusades (73 page)

Richard, Jean
5
–6

Ridderlijke Duitse Orde Balije van Utrecht
389
,
391

Ridwan, nephew of Malik-Shah
216

Riley-Smith, Jonathan
11
,
13

Rinaldo d’Auino
104

risks, personal
73
,
76
–7,
104
–5

Robert of Artois, as divisional commander
64

Robert of Cléry
85
,
91

Robert of Flanders, and First Crusade
36
,
73
,
80

Robert of Naples
300

Robert of Normandy, and First Crusade
36
,
55

Robert of Rochecorbon
86

Robert of Taranto
300
–2

Roberts, David
364

Robertson, William
34

Robles, Melchior de
346

Roger of Antioch
225

Roger II of Sicily (1095–1154): and Innocent II
39

      and Louis VII of France
61
,
62

Röhricht,
373

Roland, duke of Brittany
91

Rolfe, Frederick
377

Romania
291

      and Genoa
305
,
311
,
316

      Venetian control
305
,
306
–10,
311
,
316

      and Venice
309
–10

Rome, papal congress (1490)
277

Roscher, Helmut
11

Rossi, Angelo
361

Rossini, Gioacchino Antonio
374
,
375
,
376

Rotrou, count of Mortagne
71

routiers
268
,
271

Rubenids
169

Runciman, Steven
v
,
5
,
7
,
13

Russia: and Genoese trade
305

      and Livonia
358

Russian Orthodox, crusade against
4
,
276
,
333
,
358

Rutebeuf
93
,
95
,
109

Sabastiya, and church of John the Baptist
144
,
157
,
160–1

Safad, Templar castle
163
,
185
,
186

Safavids: and Mamluk sultanate
249–50

and Ottoman Turks
255–6

Sagrajas, battle (1086)
243

Sahyun, castle
167

St Catherine’s monastery, Mount Sinai
151
,
152

St Elias, castle
166

St George, and knighthood
273

St John Ambulance
388

St Lazarus order
178
,
208
,
349

St Maurice order
349

St Sabas, war of (1256)
132
,
190
,
315–16

St Thomas of Acre order
178
,
207
,
325

saints: intercessory role
29

and medieval piety
28–31

and miracles
29–32

Saladin (1137–93): armies
235
,
240
,
229–30

capture of Jerusalem (1187)
37
,
83
,
147
,
234–5

conquest of Palestine
3
,
100
,
125
,
132
,
147
,
293
,
367

and Egypt
38
,
124
,
228

heirs
236–9

and
jihad
229

and military orders
186
,
189
,
234

and Richard I of England
231

rise
228–9

and war poets
232–3
;
see also
Ayyubid empire

Saladin Tithe
57

Salado river, battle (1340)
267
,
327
,
329

Al-Salih Ayyub
233
,
238

Salimbene of Adam
265

Samson, abbot of Bury St Edmunds
50

San Jorge de Alfama order
179
,
326

sandstone, for building
155

Sanmicheli, Giangirolamo
175

Sanmicheli, Michele
175

Sans-Avoir, Walter
36

Santa María de España order
179
,
180
,
184
,
188
,
202

Santiago order
326

and clerics
199

foundation
179–80

leadership
329

military role
183
,
185
,
328
,
359–60

nationalization
345–6

numbers
188

organization
201–2

and ransom
191

recruitment
201

resources
196

and sisters
342

Santo Stefano order
288
,
348–50
,
359
,
361

Sanudi dynasty
306

Saranda Kolones, castle
173–4

Savaric of Vergy
87

Savorgnano, Giulio
175

Saxons, crusades against Wends
39

Schein, Sylvia
259

Scorel, Jan van
140

Scott, Sir Walter
371
,
374–5
,
376
,
384

Scott, William Bell
376

sculpture, crusader
146–7
,
149
,
156

Second Crusade (1147–9): command structure
64

in historiography
11

and invasion of Byzantine empire
3

and Latin East
121–2

overland route
38

and practicalities
61

proclamation
42–3

promotion and preaching
43–4

recruitment
81

sea route
61
,
62

and songs
92
,
93

and Spain and Portugal
41
;
see also
Saladin

Second World War, and crusade imagery
383

Selim I the Grim, sultan (1467–1520)
249
,
255

Selim II, sultan (1524–74)
256

Seljuks: and Abbasids
213–14

and Antioch
112–13
,
216
,
218
,
225

army
229

crusader attitudes to
20

and defilement of Holy Places
29

disintegration
of empire
213
,
215–18
,
224–6

and First Crusade
213
,
217–20

and People’s Crusade
36

sultanate of Rum
250

and Third Crusade
3

threat to Byzantine empire
2

threat to Europe
4
;
see also
Khorezmians

Sens, cathedral
144
,
160–1

Serbia, and Ottoman Turks
252
,
274

serfs, enfranchisement
55

service, military
17–18
,
118
,
182–90
,
342

Muslim
229

Setton, Kenneth
5
,
13–14

Seville, conquest (1232–53)
4
,
245

Al-Shaubak, castle
113

Shepherds’ Crusade: 1251
3
,
47
,
69

1320
69

ShiSi Muslims
113
,
122
,
213–15

and First Crusade
218

and
jihad
223–4
,
231

Sevener
228

and Sunni Muslims
223–4
,
226

Twelver
214
,
216–17
,
223
,
255

shipping: contracts
61
,
65
,
66

and First Crusade
61

of horses
62

and Latin East
116–17

and Second Crusade
61
,
62

and Third Crusade
38
,
61

shrines of saints: and miracles
29–31

and sense of place
28–9

Siberry, Elizabeth
11

Sicilian Vespers
300
,
303

Sicily
293

and defeat of Islam
18–19

and Latin East
124
,
299–300
,
303

and papacy
39–40
,
263

and Teutonic Knights
330

Sidon: Fatimid control
217

Frankish capture
112
,
113

Sigebert of Gembloux
80

Sigena, convent
202

Sigismund of Luxemburg, king of Hungary
275
,
280–1
,
336
,
343

Silifke, castle
169

Simon of Montfort
109

Simonis
379

sin: and laity
27–8

and Muslim conquests
106

and penance
32–3
,
82
,
100

sipahis
, Ottoman
252
,
256

sirventes
93
,
99
,
107
,
109–10

Sis, castle
170

Slavs, crusades against
39

Smith, Sir Sidney
371

Smyrna: capture (1344)
5
,
251
,
270
,
298
,
335

defeat by Tamerlane
337

Smythe, George, Lord Strangford
369

Société de l’Orient Latin
373

society
see
knights; lordship; orders, military

songs, crusade
25
,
91–110

chanson de femme
102–4

and dangers of crusading
104–5

definition
93

dit
109

and love-songs
93
,
100–4
,
110

pastorela
93
,
101–2
,
104

as propaganda
106–7
,
110

sirventes
93
,
99
,
107
,
109–10

Southey, Robert
374

Spain: and Almohads
244–5

and Almoravids
243–4

and Charlemagne
91–2

Civil War and crusade imagery
383

Counter-Reformation; and expansionism
288–9

and military orders
288
,
289

and New World
285
,
289

and Protestantism
289–90

expansionism
284–5
,
288

and Islam
18–19
,
243–6

military orders; modern
387

nationalization
326
,
345–6
,
360

organization
201–2

origins
178–80

and reconquest
182–3
,
185
,
186
,
188
,
190
,
207
,
361

recruitment
196

revenues
194
,
195–6
;
see also
Calatrava Order; Knights Hospitallers; Knights Templar;
Montegaudio Order; San Jorge de Alfama; Santa María de España; Santiago Order;

and Ottoman Turks
282
,
285
,
288

and Papal Schism
4

reconquest
88
,
243–5

and Ferdinand and Isabella
282–3

and First Crusade
38–9

and fourteenth-century crusades
266–7

and France
109

and songs
91–2
,
93
,
98–9
,
106–7
,
109

and thirteenth-century crusades
4

and twelfth-century crusades
3–4
,
39
,
41

and Second Crusade
41
;
see also
Aragon;

Castile; Charles V, emperor;

Granada; North Africa

Spanish Armada (1588)
4
,
289

spice trade
117–18
,
249
,
321

Spöhr, Louis
378

spying, importance
262

Staufen
see
Hohenstaufen dynasty Stedinger heretics
40

Steenbergen, battle (1583)
289

Stephen of Blois; and First Crusade
36

and risks of crusade
73

stone, as building material
22
,
139
,
155–6

subsidio
288
,
289

Sufis: and Almohads
244

and Almoravids
243

and Christians
242

and First Crusade
219

and
jihad
223–4

and
khanqas
226

and Ottoman Turks
250

and Saladin
228
,
234

sugar cane
127
,
174
,
320
,
321

Al-Sulami, AAli ibn Tahir, and
jihad
220–1

Suleyman the Magnificent (1494–1566)
255–6
,
299

Sullivan, Sir Arthur
375

Sunni Muslims
113
,
122
,
213–14

in Egypt
228

and First Crusade
218