A History of the Crusades (74 page)

institutions
226

and
jihad
222

and Ottoman

Turks
255

and Shi‘i Muslims
223–4
,
226

supply, problems of
60–1
,
62–4
,
66

Sweden, and Knights Hospitallers
345

Swordbrethren
180
,
181
,
183
,
190
,
206

Sykes, Sir Mark
382

Syria: and Cyprus
295

and disintegration of Seljuk empire
213
,
215–16

and Egypt
239
,
240–2
,
246

and military orders
135
,
183
,
184
,
186–7
,
189–90
,
194
,
203
,
298

and Mongols
238–9

and Ottoman Turks
5
,
284
,
297

and Shi‘i Muslims
214

and Venice
316

Tamerlane: and battle of Ankara
253
,
277
,
298
,
302

and conquest of Smyrna
298
,
337

and sack of Damascus
248

Tancred of Taranto (1076–1112): and Antioch
113–14

and First Crusade
36
,
79
,
87
,
369

Tannenberg, battle (1410)
276–7
,
331
,
333
,
343

Tarsus, church of St Paul
170

Al-Tarsusi
241

Tasso, Torquato
365
,
370
,
374
,
384

taxation:
excusado
289

in Latin East
117–18
,
130
,
224–5

and military orders
195
,
206
,
332

Muslim
225
,
229
,
248

papal
57–9
,
66
,
262–5
,
266
,
267–8
,
278
,
284
,
288

secular
56–7
,
66
,
264

subsidio
288
,
289

Tenedos, and Venice
307–8
,
310
,
316

Tennyson d’Eyncourt, Charles
371

Teruel, Hospital of the Holy Redeemer
180
,
191

Teutonic Knights: army
333

at Königsberg
343

and castles
184–6

charitable role
191

criticism
206
,
324
,
331
,
333
,
341
,
343

independence
184

and Jerusalem
134
,
178
,
184

leadership
329

and Lithuania
39
,
272–3
,
276–7
,
325
,
331
,
337
,
343

masters
188
,
330–1
,
333
,
343
,
344

in Mediterranean
330

military role
11–12
,
331
,
357–8
,
361

modern survival
388–9
,
391
;

and Montfort
149
,
167

numbers
186
,
358
,
359

organization
199–200
,
201
,
333
,
339
,
340–2
,
355

origins
178
,
180–1

and papacy
325

and perpetual crusade
4
,
12

property and resources
194
,
332–3
,
338–9

and Prussian

Reisen
272–4
,
331

recruitment
196
,
204
,
273–4
,
331

secularization
343
,
344
,
358–9

sixteenth-century survival
287

and tree castle
358

and Venice
208
,
330
,
359

in Vienna
349
,
359
,
389

Zungen
(tongues)
344
;
see also
Livonia; Marienburg; Prussia

Thebes
321
; and Navarrese Company
301
,
304

Theodore Palaeologus
302

Thibaut III of Champagne, king of Navarre
51
,
52
,
64
,
85

Thibaut IV of Champagne, and crusade-songs
94
,
97–8

Thibaut of Ploasme
86

Thierry of Nicosia (1206–11)
173

Third Crusade (1189–92): command structure
64

and defence of Latin East
3
,
125
,
132
,
147–8
,
291

and Egypt
38

financing
57

and military orders
189
,
205

and noncombatants
48

overland route
38

practical problems
59
,
61–3

promotion and preaching
45
,
84

and Saladin
235

sea route
38
,
61–2

and songs
93

Thomas of Marle, and violence
15–16

Thomas, Peter
271

Thorn, Teutonic castle
186

timber, for building
156

tithe: and military orders
194
,
195

and Muslims
225

Toledo, reconquest
18
,
243

Toledo, García de
348

Tomar, and Order of Christ
330

TToros I of Cilicia
170

Torres, Camillo
386–7

Torsello, Marino Sanudo
260

Tortosa: castle
135
,
167
,
168

cathedral
160
,
161

Templar chapel
163

Torun, tree castle
358

towers, in Latin East
131
,
166

towns, in Latin East
116
,
161
,
163–5
,
170

trade: and Cyprus
127
,
293
,
294–6
,
305

and Egypt
270–1

and Genoa
116
,
305–6
,
310
,
314–16
,
321

and Greece
131

and kingdom of Jerusalem
116–18
,
132

Muslim-Christian
233
,
237
,
247

and Rhodes
337

and Venice
116
,
308
,
310
,
314–16
,
319
,
321
;
see also
spice trade

Transjordan, lordship
113
,
225

treatises, crusade
259–62
,
278

and Erasmus
286–7

and military orders
341–2

Trenceval, Raymond Roger
109

Trent, Council: and crusades
289

and military orders
356

Trier, Karl von
330

Tripoli, county of: defeat
137

Frankish settlement
111
,
135

and kingdom of Jerusalem
121
,
125

Muslim control
217
,
241

Ottoman conquest (1551)
255

and Raymond of Toulouse
36

Tripoli (North Africa): and military orders
346

Ottoman conquest (1551)
348

Trollope, Anthony
364

troubadours
93–4
,
99
,
101
,
104
,
108–9

trouvères
93
,
100–1
,
109

Troyes, Council (1129) , and Knights Templar
177

Trussel, William
74

Tukla, castle
156

Tumanbay, sultan
250

Tunis: battle (1270)
3
,
38
,
52

conquest (1535)
255
,
285
,
346
,
347

Ottoman capture (1569)
288

Ottoman recapture (1574)
350
,
351

and Spanish crusade
284–5

Tunisia
see
Mahdia; Tunis

Turanshah, son of al-Salih
238

turcoples
(mercenaries)
182

Turkomans
216
,
217
,
224–5

and army of Saladin
229

and Mamluks and Ottoman Turks
249
,
297

Qaraman
252

and Shah Isma il
255

Turks
see
Kipchaks; Mamluks; Ottoman Turks; Saladin; Seljuks; Turkomans

Twain, Mark
367

Tyerman, Christopher
13

Tynan, Katherine
381

Tyre: castle
167

cathedral
159

development
116
,
132
,
148

Fatimid control
217

Frankish capture
112
,
125
,
135
,
168

and Third Crusade
235

Ubeda, siege (1233)
190

Umayyad caliphate, in Spain
243

Umur of Aydin
251
,
335

Urban II, pope (1042–99): and Cluny
33

and Council of Clermont
1–2
,
35

and Greek Orthodox
115

and indulgence
80

and launch of First Crusade
1–2
,
19
,
25
,
27
,
29
,
33–4
,
37
,
73
,
138

and leadership of First Crusade
35–6

and People’s Crusade
68

and promotion of First Crusade
42
,
47
,
78
,
154

and reconquest of Spain
3
,
38–9
,
41

and taking of the cross
70

Urban V, pope, and capture of Jerusalem
271

Urban VIII, pope (1580–1644), and military orders
350

Urbanus (gun founder)
253

Urraca of León-Castile
120

Usamah ibn Munqidh;
Kitab al-It‘ibar
230–1
,
233

and Templars
114

Uzun Hasan
297

Valencia: conquest (1232–53)
4
,
245

and military orders
185
,
325
,
326

Valletta, and Knights Hospitaller
14
,
340
,
350–1
,
355
,
357

Vallette, Jean de la
348
,
350

Varna Crusade (1444)
4
,
253
,
277

Vasari, Giorgio
349

Venerable Order of St John
388

Venetian Crusade (1123)
62

Venice: and Byzantium
129
,
130–1
,
310–11
,
314

and Cyprus
127
,
174
,
175
,
271
,
294
,
297–8
,
308

and Fourth Crusade
305
,
306
,
308

and frontier crusades
269

and Genoese
305–6
,
307–8
,
310
,
315–16

and Holy League
309–10

and Knights Hospitallers
352

and Latin East
116
,
132
,
135
,
168
,
291–2
,
319–22

and Mamluk sultanate
247
,
338

and Ottoman Turks
257
,
274
,
277
,
278–9
,
284
,
287–8
,
290
,
292
,
302

and Romania
305
,
306–10
,
311
,
316

and shipping contracts
61

and Turkish wars
352
;
see also
Crete; trade

Verdi, Guiseppi
376
,
380

Versailles,
Salle des croisades
371
,
379

Vidal, Peire
99

Vienna: siege (1529)
285
,
286

siege (1683)
257
,
290

and Suleyman the Magnificent
256

and Teutonic Knights
349
,
359
,
389

Vienne, Council (1311–12)
208–9
,
259
,
264

Vilhena, Antonio Manoel de
353

Villehardouin family
300

violence: against Jews
35–6

and the Church
8
,
17–18
,
77–80
,
89

as endemic
17

and liberation
385–7
;
see also
war, holy

Virgin, Tomb of
143
,
162

Virgin and Child
Glykophilousa
140

Voltaire, F.M.A. de
364

vows
9
,
38
,
50
,
69–71
,
72
,
83