A Quiet Revolution (59 page)

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Authors: Leila Ahmed

Tags: #Religion, #Islam, #History, #Social Science, #Customs & Traditions, #Women's Studies

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Graham, Franklin,
194
,
217

Great Britain: in Egypt,
28

33
,
37
,
39

42
,

54
; and the Holy Land,
51
,
54

55
; impe- rialism (generally),
23

25
; Port Said bombarded,
58

The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists
(El Fadl),
185

86

Greenberg, Blu,
259

Guney-Reubenacker, Havva,
278

Habib, Kamal,
319
(n
37
)

Haddad, Yvonne: on
9
/
11
’s impact,
200
,
223
; as convention speaker,
241
,
242
,
330
(n
14
); on hijab as choice,
245
; on Qutb,
105

7

Hadley, Stephen,
200

Haffajee, Khadija,
259

61
,
291
,
296

Hagler, Grayland,
241
,
242
,
330
(n
14
) hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca),
173
Hamid, Ala,
143

Hannity, Sean,
221

Harcourt, Duc d’,
24
,
25

hate crimes,
193
,
197
,
199

201
,
213
,
326
(n
13
)

The Hate Which Hate Produced
(Wallace; PBS),
172

Hathout, Hasan and Maher,
168

head scarf.
See
hijab; veil Helmore, Kristin,
113

Hermensen, Marcia,
277

Herrera, Linda,
147

Herrick-Stare, Jeanne,
242
,
330
(n
17
) hijab (
see also
Islamic dress; unveiling

movement; veil): adopted by school- girls,
125

26
,
128
,
146

47
,
170
; after
9
/
11

terrorist attacks,
193
,
197
,
200
,
204

13
,
246
,
247

48
; as emblem of call for jus- tice,
8
,
210

11
; fashion and,
101
,
266
; as form of da‘wa,
92
; fundamental to Is- lamist movement,
100
,
132

35
,
139

40
,

169
,
286
; government bans,
146

47
,
207
; Islamist leaders’ influence on spread,
131

35
,
151
,
169
,
175
; ISNA and,

7
,
169
,
247

48
,
255

56
; Macleod’s

study,
118

25
; meaning not fixed,
211

13
; Mubarak on,
251

52
; parents’ reac-

tions,
84
,
126
,
146

47
,
170
; pressure to

don,
85
,
124

27
,
151

53
; reappearance

tied to Islamist movement,
8

9
,
46

47
,

77

79
,
82

90
,
117

18
,
120

29
,
209

10
;

reasons for adopting,
87

89
,
119

25
,

133
,
150

51
,
207

13
,
252
,
283

84
; rea-

sons for not wearing,
125
,
207

8
,
283

84
; as rejection of Western-style soci- ety,
11
,
83
,
86
,
88
,
118
,
120
; religious ob- servance and presence/absence of,
121
,
128

29
; subsidized,
85
,
152
; as symbol

of Islamism,
3
,
49

50
,
77
,
78
,
82

84
,

139

40
,
286
; worn by activists,
292

Hinduism,
24

Hirsi Ali, Ayaan,
14
,
196
,
221
,
225
,
226
,

290
,
337
(n
49
)

homosexuality,
281

82

Horowitz, David,
219
,
220

21
,
226
,
227
,

244

Hourani, Albert,
19

20
,
35
,
43
,
45
,
46
,
63
,

305

al-Hudaybi, Hasan,
72
,
73
,
112

Hughes, Karen,
237

Hunt, Mary,
259

Huntington, Samuel,
182

Husain, Taha,
106
,
134

Hussein, Saddam,
187

88

Hussein Kamel, Khedive,
41

Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad,
94

96

Ibn Saud, Abdel Aziz, King of Saudi Ara- bia,
96

Ibn Saud, Muhammad,
96

Ibrahim, Saad Eddin,
182

ICNA.
See
Islamic Circle of North Amer- ica

imperialism: British in Egypt,
27

32
; and

ideas of European superiority,
20

25
,
30

32
,
309
(n
17
); and the “oppression of women in Islam” theme,
14
,
23

24
,
31

32
,
221

31
; veiling debates,
10

11

In Fraternity: A Message to the Muslims of America
(Hathout, et al.),
168

Indonesia,
160
,
305

6
,
332
(n
40
)

Iran,
105
,
115

16
,
160

Iraq: under British control,
58
; Iraq War (
2003

10
),
217
,
220
,
222
,
228
,
229
; Per-

sian Gulf War (
1990

91
),
187

89
;

women in,
228
,
229
,
305

Islam (
see also
Islamism; mosques, American; mosques, Middle Eastern; Quran; religious observance;
and spe- cific countries, organizations, and indi- viduals
): Abduh’s call for reform,
33
; and clothing (
see
hijab; veil); diversity,
96

97
; forms (
see
Wahhabi Islam); and gender justice,
266

67
,
269

72
(
see also
gender segregation); “oppression of women” theme,
14
,
23

24
,
31

32
,
221

31
,
283
; post–
9
/
11
interest in,
201

3
; as

religion of justice,
242
; transformation of,
280

81

al-Islambuli, Khalid,
103

4

Islamic Book Service,
163

64

Islamic Circle of North America (ICNA),

167
,
168
,
171
,
245
,
254
,
322
(n
32
)

Islamic dress (
see also
hijab; veil): advent

of,
77
; central to Islamist message,
100
,
132

35
,
139

40
,
169
,
175
; commitment

to Islamism symbolized,
79
,
82

84
; ini- tially a women’s movement,
87
; Islam- ist leaders’ influence on spread of,
132

35
; militant jihadists’ insistence on,
139

40
; non-Islamist reactions,
78
,
83

85
,
86
,
90
; reasons for adopting,
79
,
83
,

85

90
,
150

51
; style and fashion,
49
,

82

83
,
101
,
266
; subsidized,
133
,
152
;

as symbol of Islamism,
83
,
139

40
Islamic extremism (
see also
militant Is- lamist groups; terrorism): active in

mosques,
144

45
,
318

19
(n
27
); and the

Afghani jihad,
177

81
; and Egyptian schools,
141

42
; escalation, in
1990
s,
4

5
; ISNA and MSA accused of,
186
,
324
(n
33
)

Islamic Jihad (
see also
al-Zawahiri, Ayman):
4

5
,
93
,
103

5
,
144

Islamic Society of North America (ISNA) (
see also
conventions): as authority on Islam,
169
,
171
,
175
; and domestic vio-

lence,
257

58
; founding,
5
,
156
,
166
; and

gender segregation,
7

8
,
247

48
,
250
;

generational change,
247
,
255

56
,
268

69
; growth,
168
; impact of “oppression of women” theme,
245

53
; importance of hijab,
169
,
247

48
,
255

56
; increas-

ing prominence,
175
; influence,
161
; Is- lamist ideology,
169
; male dominance viewpoint,
267

69
; matrimonial ser- vices,
254
,
332
(n
35
); Muslim Brother- hood and,
5
,
156
,
321
(n
16
); non-Islamist Muslim criticism of,
186

87
; openness to different perspectives,
246

51
,
255

56
,
267

68
,
304
; and the Persian Gulf War,
188

90
; political engagement en- couraged,
166

68
; women in leader- ship,
245

47
,
251
,
256

64
,
268

69
(
see

also
Mattson, Ingrid); and women’s rights,
292
(
see also
women’s activism)

Islamic Teaching Center,
164
,
166

Islamism (
see also
da‘wa; Islamic extrem- ism; jihad; militant Islamist groups;
and specific countries, organizations, and individuals
): African American Muslims and,
171

75
; vs. Arab nation- alism and socialism,
62

63
; Arab- Israeli wars and,
54

55
,
65

66
,
77

78
,

88
; attraction of,
90

92
,
127

28
; belief

in inevitable advance,
154

55
; charita- ble work,
75

76
; defined,
9
; govern-

ment bans,
146

47
,
149
,
160
; Gulf

wealth and the spread of,
94
,
98
,
101

2
; identity anchored in Islam, not ethnic- ity/nation,
210
;
jahiliyya
defined,
69

70
; leadership often secularly trained,
99

100
,
164
; legal persecution of non- Islamists,
143

44
; mainstream, nonvio- lent organizations,
82
; mainstream ideology and activism,
148

55
; non- Islamist Muslim criticism of,
186

87
,

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