A Quiet Revolution (63 page)

within,
177
–
78
,
180
; government rela- tions with American Muslim organiza- tions,
237
; Islamism’s spread,
12
–
13
,

155
–
56
,
159
–
62
,
164
–
71
,
173
–
76
,
253
;

Middle East interests/involvement,
58
,
68
–
69
,
115
–
16
,
182
,
187
–
88
; mosques

(
see
mosques, American); public schools,
207
,
218
,
243
,
328
(n
50
); Qutb’s criticism of,
107
; Qutb’s works in,
106
; terrorism against (
see
9
/
11
terrorist at- tacks; terrorism); universities (
see
uni-

versities, American); “women in Islam” in public discourse,
194
–
97

universities, American (
see also
Yasin, Zayed): academic freedom threatened,
219
–
21
; hijab at,
205
–
6
,
208
; Islamic or- ganizations at,
324
(n
33
) (
see also
Mus- lim Student Association); Yasin’s speech,
233
–
36
,
304

universities, Egyptian (
see also
al-Azhar University): Islamic dress and hijab at,
85
,
87
,
89
,
90
,
132
; Islamic movement

and,
79
–
80
; Islamist groups,
68
,
76
–
77
;

public prayer,
135
; women in class- rooms,
77
,
132
–
33
,
136

unveiling movement (
see also
clothing, women’s; veil): about,
10
–
11
,
35
–
44
;

Amin’s work and,
19
–
20
,
22
,
34
; em- blematic of modernity/democratic ideal,
37
–
41
,
88
–
89
; going unveiled in- creasingly common (
1920
s
–
60
s
),
46
–
48
,
64
–
65
; in Turkey,
44
–
45
; unveiled

women’s piety,
43
,
47
,
86
,
90
,
121
,
126
–

27
,
129

Useem, Andrea,
202
,
269
,
271
,
284
–
85
,
333
(n
45
)

“The Vanishing Veil a Challenge to the Old Order” (Hourani),
19
–
21

veil,
30
–
32
; (
see also
hijab; unveiling movement): academic studies,
78
–
79
; adopted by African American Mus- lims,
172
; burka,
14
,
222
–
23
; chador,

116
; class and,
47
–
48
,
64
; defended by feminists,
206
; defended by women (early
20
th century),
41
; denounced by feminists,
84
–
85
; in early Islam,
86
; Egyptian styles,
47
–
49
; and European narratives of Islam’s inferiority,
24
,
30
–

31
,
212
;
khimar,
82
–
83
,
152
; meaning not fixed,
211
–
13
; as metaphor for independence and modernity,
39
; pres- ence/absence as mark of societal ad- vancement,
20
–
21
,
30
–
31
,
35
,
43
–
45
; as

proper dress,
36
; in schools,
145
–
47
;

veil (
continued
)

state attempts to ban,
12
; Western in- terest in,
14
,
194
–
97
; worn by women of all religions,
36
–
37
,
38
–
39

Wadud, Aminah: activism,
196
,
272
–
74
,

291
,
293
; hijab chosen,
326
–
27
(n
33
); Is-

lamist influences,
272
,
286
–
87
; scholar-

ship,
272
,
277

Wahhabi Islam,
61
,
94
–
99
,
144
,
165
,
185
–

87

Wahhaj, Siraj,
175
,
239
–
40

Waskow, Rabbi Arthur,
244
,
296

Wax, Emily,
208
–
9

Western (European) civilization (
see also
imperialism;
and specific nations
): “clash of civilizations” thesis,
181
–
83
,
224
; idea of European racial/cultural superiority,
19
–
26
,
30
–
31
,
309
(n
17
);

Iranian Revolution a rejection of,
115
–
16
; Islamic belief in Western decline,
154
,
319
(n
37
); Islamic dress as rejection of,
83
,
86
,
88
; as more “advanced” than traditional Arab nations,
20
–
23
; “op- pression of women” used to justify im- perialist/anti-Muslim rhetoric,
14
,
23
–

23
,
31
–
32
,
221
–
31
,
283
; Qutb critical of,

107
; al-Zawahiri’s rejection of,
104
–
5

Weyrich, Paul M.,
217
–
18

Wickham, Carrie Rosefsky,
132
,
144
,
147
–
55

Williams, John Alden,
85
–
90

“Woman Friendly Mosques and Com- munity Centers: Working Together to Reclaim Our Heritage” (booklet),
250

women.
See
feminism and feminists; Muslim American women; Muslim women; women’s activism; women’s rights

women’s activism (
see also specific indi- viduals
): about,
196
; ASMA,
276
; con- servative vs. liberal positions,
291
–
93
,
294
–
95
,
302
; contributing factors,
293
–
97
; and domestic violence (gender jus- tice),
257
–
59
,
266
–
67
,
269
–
72
; and

hijab,
284
–
85
,
326
–
27
(n
33
); Islamic law,
277
; and Islamism,
286
–
91
,
294
–

97
,
302
–
3
; and mosques,
249
–
51
,
272
–
74
(
see also
Nomani, Asra); and Mus- lim American identity,
285
–
86
; and Muslim/Islamic identity,
279
–
84
; Mus- lim women’s magazine,
265
–
66
; pro- files of prominent activists,
249
–
53
,
256
–
64
; religious texts interpreted,
266
–
72
,
285
,
306
,
334
–
35
(n
12
); similari-

ties and diversity,
285
; study of women in Islam,
266
–
67
,
269
–
72
,
277
–
79
;

woman-led prayer,
196
,
274
,
290
,
293

women’s rights (
see also
feminism and feminists; Karamah; “oppression of women” theme; women’s activism): achievements in Muslim-majority countries,
305
–
6
; Brotherhood’s posi- tions,
136
–
39
; Cromer and,
30
–
32
; in

Egypt,
64
,
127
; al-Ghazali on,
113
–
15
;

and ideas of European superiority,
23
–
25
; Middle Eastern organizations not prone to discussing,
292
; Qutb against,
108
–
9
; right to work,
137
–
38
; war on terror and,
14
; Western focus on,
194
–
96

World Trade Center bombing,
145
,
179

Yasin, Zayed,
233
–
36
,
251
–
53
,
304
,
329
(n
1
)

Yassine, Nadia,
293
,
332
(n
40
),
333
(n
9
) Yemen,
20
,
60

Yoffie, Rabbi Eric,
243
–
44
,
296

Young Men’s Muslim Association (YMMA),
51

Zaghloul, Saad,
32
,
42

Zaman, Muhammad Qasim,
57
,
105
,
113

al-Zawahiri, Ayman,
93
,
104
–
5
,
144
,
156
,

179
–
80
,
318
(n
24
)

Zayd, Nasr Hamid Abu,
4

zia shar‘i (
see also
Islamic dress):
82
–
90

Zine, Jasmine,
278

Zogby, James,
241
,
330
(n
14
) Zuhur, Sherifa,
119
,
125
–
29
,
131