A Quiet Revolution (61 page)

Muhammad, Precious,
282
Muhammad Ali, Khedive of Egypt ,
26
Murad, Khurram,
178

Musa, Nabawiya,
39
–
40
,
310
(n
38
) Musa, Salama,
36

Musallam, Adnan,
107

Muslim American women (
see also
women’s activism;
and specific individ- uals
): artists,
297
; and domestic vio- lence,
257
–
59
; harassment/attacks on,
193
,
197
,
199
,
216
–
19
; hijab after
9
/
11
,

193
,
197
,
200
,
204
–
13
,
246
; hijab as

choice,
207
–
11
,
252
,
260
–
61
,
283
,
326
–

27
(n
33
); hijab at conventions,
7
,
247
–

48
,
255
–
56
; hijab not worn/removed,

207
,
283
–
85
; hijab required,
169
,
248
; hijab’s rapid spread,
175
; impact of “oppression of women” theme,
245
–
53
; in leadership roles,
245
–
47
,
251
,
256
–

64
,
268
–
69
; magazine for,
266
–
68
; and

mosques,
163
,
201
–
2
,
248
–
51
,
272
–
74
,

289
,
331
(n
27
)

Muslim Americans (
see also
conventions; Islamic Society of North America; Muslim American women; Muslim Student Association): activism,
252
–
53
,
274
–
77
,
320
(n
6
) (
see also
women’s ac- tivism); American identity,
237
–
41
,
251
,
253
; American Islamist organizations criticized,
185
–
87
; as Americans,
244
–

45
; civil rights,
295
; cultural grouping,

175
; demographics,
11
–
12
,
159
; diversity,

6
,
159
,
170
–
71
,
235
,
268
(
see also
African American Muslims; Arab Americans; Asian American Muslims); immigra- tion,
157
–
60
,
162
–
63
,
238
,
320
(n
5
); loy-

alties questioned,
214
; non-Islamist

and “secular,”
159
,
169
–
71
,
197
,
296
–
300
,
302
–
3
; and the Persian Gulf War,
188
–
90
; political engagement,
166
–
68
;

post–
9
/
11
response,
201
–
4
,
214
,
249
–
50
; post–
9
/
11
support for,
200
–
206
; preju- dice/harassment experienced,
13
,
184
–

85
,
193
–
94
,
197
,
199
–
201
,
204
–
5
,
213
–
22
,

233
–
37
,
243
–
44
,
326
(n
13
),
327
(n
46
)

Muslim Brotherhood (
see also
Islamism; Qutb, Sayyid; al-Banna, Hassan): and the
1952
Revolution,
56
–
57
; activism encouraged,
153
; banned, and members imprisoned/executed,
55
–
58
,
68
–
69
,

80
,
108
–
9
,
111
–
13
,
161
–
62
; founding and

growth,
50
,
51
–
52
,
312
(n
26
); al-Ghazali

and,
9
,
57
,
110
–
13
,
136
–
37
,
138
,
256
–
57
,

293
; gradualist, educational approach,

69
,
72
–
76
,
100
–
101
,
112
,
138
,
311
(n
8
)

(
see also
da‘wa); and hijab,
3
,
43
,
49
–

50
,
52
,
100
,
311
(n
8
) (
see also
hijab; Is- lamic dress); Islamic ideology,
98
–
101
,

Muslim Brotherhood (
continued
)
129
–
30
; and jihad,
54
,
71
–
72
,
137
; jour- nal,
76
; legal persecution of non- Islamists,
143
–
44
; objectives,
49
–
50
,

2
–
54
,
63
,
72
–
73
; Qutb and,
108
–
9
;

Saudi Arabia and,
57
–
58
,
97
–
98
;

schools,
145
; slogan,
140
; social services

and social justice,
50
–
54
,
69
,
75
–
76
,
98
,

139
; in the U.S.,
5
,
157
–
58
,
160
–
61
,
162
,

167
,
178
(
see also
Muslim Student Asso- ciation); violence committed,
3
–
4
,
55
,

56
; violence renounced,
53
,
69
,
72
,
143
,

318
(n
24
); women’s roles,
80
,
109
,
136
–
39
,
257
; and the world-wide spread of Islamism,
155
–
56

Muslim Extremism in Egypt
(Kepel) (
see also
Kepel, Gilles):
131
,
132
–
34

Muslim Sisterhood,
136
–
37

Muslim Student Association (MSA) (
see also
Islamic Society of North Amer- ica): in Canada,
90
–
91
; founding and growth,
5
,
155
–
56
,
160
–
63
,
165
–
66
,
288
;

Haffajee and,
260
; non-Islamist Mus- lim criticism of,
186
–
87
,
324
(n
33
); ob- jectives,
161
,
321
(n
12
); outreach and training,
164
–
65
; Qutb’s works recom- mended,
106
; and social justice,
251
,

292
; structure,
163
–
64
; women in lead-

ership,
161
,
163
,
252
–
53
,
270
(
see also
Mubarak, Hadia); and women’s ac- tivism,
29
4
–
95

Muslim WakeUp!,
249
,
255
,
274
,
276

Muslim women (generally) (
see also
Muslim American women; women’s rights;
and specific individuals
): attrac- tion of Islamism,
127
–
28
; dress (
see
clothing, women’s; hijab; Islamic dress; unveiling movement; veil); education, in Egypt,
31
–
32
,
34
,
76
–
77
,
85
,
89
–
90
,

97
,
132
–
33
,
136
–
37
; and European cul-

tural superiority narratives,
19
–
26
,
30
–

32
,
212
; al-Ghazali on role,
113
–
15
; in Is-

lamic movement (
1970
s
),
79
–
80
,
81
–
82
;

Islamist mobilization of,
138
–
39
; and jihad,
137
; “oppression” theme used to justify imperialist/anti-Muslim rheto- ric,
23
–
24
,
31
–
32
,
221
–
31
,
283
; political leaders,
305
–
6
,
332
(n
40
),
333
(n
9
);

Quran on disciplining wives,
266
–
67
,
269
–
71
; Qutb on,
108
–
9
; religious ob-

servance,
121
–
22
,
128
–
29
; unveiled women alarmed by Islamist gains,
127
; Western focus on “women in Islam,”
194
–
97

Muslim Women’s Association (Jamaat al-Sayyidat al-Muslimat) (
see also
al- Ghazali, Zainab):
110
–
11
,
112

Muslim Women’s League,
335
(n
18
)

Muslim World League: da‘wa to prison- ers,
164
; founding and goals,
61
–
63
,
94
,

161
,
287
; Islamist groups supported,
69
,
161
(
see also
Jamaat-i Islami; Muslim Brotherhood); and Malcolm X,
173
; and the MSA,
162
,
165
; and the world- wide spread of Islamism,
155
–
56

Mustapha, Shukri,
81
–
82
,
139

Nader, Ralph,
241
–
42
,
244
,
330
(n
14
)

Nafisi, Azar,
14
,
196
,
225
–
26

NAIT.
See
North American Islamic Trust Nassef, Ahmed,
255

Nasser, Gamal Abdel,
56
,
58
–
67
,
108
,
111

Nation of Islam,
172
–
74
,
282

Navasky, Victor,
214

Nawas, Zarqa,
250
–
51
,
253

Nazli Fazil, Princess,
24
–
25
,
35

Nehru, Jawaharlal,
58
Nelson, Cynthia,
319
(n
39
) Neshat, Shirin,
297

Nomani, Asra,
249
–
50
,
255
,
272
–
74
,
288
–

89
,
290
–
91

North American Islamic Trust (NAIT),

16
3
–
6
4
,
166

Obama, Barack Hussein (President),
276

Obama, Barack Hussein, Sr. (father),
158

Oklahoma City bombing,
184
‌

Omar, Sara,
278

“oppression of women” theme: anti- feminists’ use of,
221
–
22
; impact on Muslim American organizations,
245
–
53
; imperialist/anti-Muslim rhetoric

and actions justified by,
14
,
23
–
24
,
31
–

32
,
221
–
31
,
283
; and women’s activism,

293
,
304

Ottoman Empire,
26
–
27
,
32

Owen, Roger,
30
,
309
(n
17
)

Pakistan (
see also
Jamaat-i Islami): Abdel Rahman in,
145
,
323
(n
13
); Daniel Pearl murder,
250
; Islamists banned,
160
; MSA funded,
161
–
62
; women’s rights,
305
–
6
,
332
(n
40
)