Ancient Iraq (54 page)

Chapter 5

1
. See, in particular:
C. H. KRAELING
and
R. MCC. ADAMS
(eds.),
City Invincible
, Chicago, 1960;
M. B. ROWTON
,
The Role of Watercourses in the Growth of Mesopotamian Civilization
, Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1969;
P. J. UCKO, R. TRINGHAM
and
G. W. DIMBLEBY
(eds.),
Man, Settlement and Urbanism
, London, 1972;
T. E. DAWNING
and
MCGUIRE GIBSON
(eds.),
Irrigation's Impact on Society
, Tucson, 1974.

2
.
R. M
c
C. ADAMS
and
H. J. NISSEN
,
The Uruk Countryside
, Chicago, 1972;
M
c
GUIRE GIBSON
,
The City and Area of Kish, Miami
, 1972.
R. MCC. ADAMS
,
Heartland of Cities
, Chicago, 1981.

3
. The results of the German excavations at Uruk-Warka (1928 – 39 and 1952 onwards) are published in a series of preliminary reports known as
Uruk Vorlaüfiger Berichte
(abbreviated
UVB
). In addition, volumes of monographs (
Ausgrabungen der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft in Uruk-Warka
) deal with particular aspects of the excavations.

4
.
H. LENZEN
,
Die Tempel der Schicht Archaisch V in Uruk, ZA
, 49 (1949), PP. 1 – 20.

5
.
SETON LLOYD
and
FUAD SAFAR
, ‘Tell Uqair’,
JNES
, 11 (1943), pp. 131 – 58.

6
. Excavated by the Iraqis in the late sixties. Preliminary reports by
B. ABOU-ES-SOOF
and
I. H. HIJARA
in
Sumer
, XXII (1966), XXIII (1967), XXV (1969) and XXIX (1973).

7
. German excavations. Preliminary reports by
H. HEINRICH
et al
., in
MDOG
, CI (1969) to CVIII (1976). General book on the subject:
E. STROMMENGER
,
Habuba Kabira, eine Stadt von 5000 Jahren
, Mainz, 1980.

8
. An excellent introduction to glyptics can be found in
D. COLLON
,
First Impressions: Cylinder Seals in the Ancient Near East,
London, 1987.

9
. Published by
A. FALKENSTEIN
,
Archaische Texte aus Uruk
, Leipzig, 1942.

10
.
D. DIRINGER
,
Writing
, London, 1962; 1.
J. GELB
,
A Study of Writing
, Chicago, 1974;
D. HAWKINS
, ‘The origin and dissemination of writing in Western Asia’ in
P. R. S. MOOREY
(ed.),
The Origins of Civilization
, Oxford, 1979;
C. B. F. WALKER
,
Reading the Past: Cuneiforms
. London, 1987.

11
.
D. SCHMANDT-BESSERAT
,
An Archaic Recording System and the Origin of Writing
, Malibu, Calif., 1977.

12
. Khafaje:
OIC
, XX (1936), p. 25; Habuba Kabira:
AfO
, XXIV (1973), fig. 17; Tell Brak:
Fifty Years of Mesopotamian Discovery
, London 1982, p. 65, fig. 51.

13
.
E. MACKAY
,
Report on Excavations at Jemdet Nasr, Iraq
, Chicago, 1931;
H. FIELD
and
R. A. MARTIN
, ‘Painted pottery from Jemdet Nasr’,
AJA
, 39 (1935), pp. 310 – 18. For more recent excavations, see:
R. J. MATTHEWS
Iraq
, LI (1989), pp. 225 – 48 and LII (1990), pp. 25 – 40. For discussions on this period, consult
U. FINKBEINER
and
W. RÖLLIG
(ed.),
Ǧamdat Nasr: Period or Regional Style?
Wiesbaden, 1986.

14
.
H. HEINRICH
,
Kleinfunde aus den archaischen Tempelschichten in Uruk
, Leipzig, 1936, pp. 15 – 16, pl. 2 – 3, 38. Hunt stele in
UVB
, V (1934), pp 11 – 13, pl. 12 – 13. Woman's head in
UVB
, XI (1940), frontispiece.

15
.
W. A. WARD
, ‘Relations between Egypt and Mesopotamia from prehistoric times to the end of the Middle Kingdom’,
JESHO
, VII (1974), pp. 121 – 35;
I. E. S. EDWARDS
, in
CAH
, I, 2, pp. 41 – 5.

16
.
SETON LLOYD
, ‘Iraq Government soundings at Sinjar’,
Iraq
, VII (1940), pp. 13 – 21.

17
.
P. DELOUGAZ
and
SETON LLOYD
,
Pre-Sargonid Temples in the Diyala Region
, Chicago, 1942.

18
. The main articles have been conveniently gathered in
T. JONES
(ed.), The Sumerian Problem, New York, 1969. See also:
A. PARROT
AM
, II, pp. 308 – 31.

19.
There is still considerable uncertainty as regards the meaning of KI.EN.GI. Some scholars think that
Shumer
and
Kengi/Kengi(r)
are different pronunciations of the same word in the two Sumerian dialects,
emeku
and
emesal.
Others believe that KI.EN.GI is a ‘compound ideogram’, but they disagree on the way it should be read. On this subject, see
F. R. KRAUS
,
Sumerer und Akkader
, Amsterdam 1970, pp. 48 – 51.

20
. On the question of early contacts between Sumerians and Semites, see:
F. R. KRAUS
, op cit., and the articles by
D. O. EDZARD, W. VON SODEN, I. J. GELB, S. N. KRAMER
and
P. AMIET
in
Geneva
, VIII (1960), pp. 241 – 314.

21
. Skulls from Kish (
S. LANGDON
,
Excavations at Kish
, Paris, 1924, pp. 115 – 25, from Ubaid (
UE
, I, 1927, pp. 214 – 40), from Ur (
UE
, II, 1934, pp. 400 – 407) and from Eridu (
Sumer
, V, 1949, p. 103).

22
.
H. FRANKFORT
,
The Birth of Civilization in the Near East
, London, 1954, p. 50, n.1.

Chapter 6

1
. For general studies on Mesopotamian religion, see:
S. N. KRAMER
,
Sumerian Mythology
, New York, 1961;
W. H. P. RÖMER
, ‘The religion of ancient Mesopotamia’ in J.
BLEEKER
and
G. WINDEN-GREN
(ed.),
Historia Religionum
, I, Leiden, 1969;
H. RINGGREN
,
Religions of the Ancient Near East
, London, 1973, pp. 1 – 123;
T. JACOBSEN
,
The Treasure of Darkness: a History of Mesopotamian Religion
, London, 1976. The most recent and complete book on mythology is that of
J. BOTTERO
and
S. N. KRAMER
,
Lorsque les Dieux faisaient l'Homme
, Paris, 1989.

2
. Excellent translations of Sumerian and Akkadian religious texts can be found in
R. LABAT, A. CAQUOT, M. SZNYCER
and
M. VIEYRA
,
Les Religions du Proche-Orient
, Paris, 1970;
J. B. PRITCHARD
(ed.),
Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament
, 3rd edition, Princeton, 1969;
A. FALKENSTEIN
and
W. VON SODEN
,
Sumerische und Akkadische Hymnen und Gebete
, Stuttgart, 1953.

3
.
W. G. LAMBERT
, ‘The historical development of the Mesopotamian pantheon' in
H. GOEDICKE
and
J. J. M. ROBERTS
(ed.),
Unity and Diversity
, Baltimore/London, 1975.

4
.
E. CASSIN
,
La Splendeur Divine
, Paris, 1968.

5
.
H. VORLANDER
,
Mein Gott
, Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1975. This personal god is often represented on cylinder-seals of the Ur III period.

6
.
T. JACOBSEN
,
The Treasures of Darkness
, p. 20.

7
. Possibly in the first centuries of the Early Dynastic period, after Enmebaragesi, King of Kish, had built the temple of Enlil in Nippur. [
S. N. KRAMER
,
Geneva
, VIII (1960), p. 277, note 25.]

8
. Hymn to Enlil:
ANET
, 3rd Edition, p. 575.

9
. List of
me
in
S. N. KRAMER
,
The Sumerians
, Chicago, 1963, p. 116.

10
. Myth ‘Enki and the World Order’:
S. N. KRAMER
,
Sumerian Mythology
, pp. 59 – 62;
The Sumerians
, pp. 172 – 83;
J. BOTTERO
and
S. N. KRAMER
,
Lorsque les Dieux
…, pp. 165 – 88.

11
. W. W.
HALLO
and J.
VAN DIJK
,
The Exaltation of Inanna
, New Haven/London 1968 (cf.
ANET
, pp. 579 – 82). Also see the hymns and prayers to Inanna in R.
LABAT
et al., Les Religions du Proche-Orient
, pp. 227 – 57.

12
.
S. N. KRAMER
,
The Sacred Marriage Rite
, Bloomington, 1969;
Le Manage Sacré
, Paris, 1983.

13
.
D. REISMAN
, ‘Iddin-Dagan's Sacred Marriage hymn’,
JCS
, XXV (1973), pp. 185 – 202.

14
. Sumerian version in
ANET
, pp. 52 – 7; Assyrian version,
ibid
., pp. 106 – 9. J.
BOTTERO
and
S. N. KRAMER
,
Lorsque les Dieux
…, pp. 275 – 300 and 318 – 30.

15
.
R. GRAVES
,
The Greek Myths
, London, 1955.

16
. On these legends, cf.:
S. G. F. BRANDON
,
Creation Legends of the Ancient Near East
, London, 1963, and
A. HEIDEL
,
The Babylonian Genesis
, Chicago, 1951.

17
.
W. THESIGER
,
Geogr. Journal
, CXX (1954), p. 276.

18
.
A. HEIDEL
,
The Babylonian Genesis
, Chicago, 1954;
E. A. SPEISER
in
ANET
, pp. 60 – 72 and 501 – 3.
J. BOTTERO
and
S. N. KRAMER
,
Lorsque les Dieux
…, pp. 602 – 79.

19
. As suggested by
TH. JACOBSEN
in
The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man
, Chicago, 1946, p. 170. Others see in mummu an epithet of Tiamat: ‘mother Tiamat’, ‘creator Tiamat’ or the like [cf.
A. HEIDEL
, ‘The meaning of
mummu
in Akkadian literature’,
JNES
, VII (1948), pp. 98 – 105].

20
.
M. J. SEUX
,
Hymnes et Priéres aux Dieux de Babylonie et d‘Assyrie
, Paris, 1976. Also see
A. FALKENSTEIN
and
W. VON SODEN
, op. cit., note 1 above.

21
.
W. G. LAMBERT
,
Babylonian Wisdom Literature
, Oxford, 1960, p. 101.

22
. The Gilgamesh Epic, Old Babylonian version, III, iv, 6 – 8. (Transl.
E. A. SPEISER
,
ANET
. p. 79).

23
. ‘Inanna's Descent to the Netherworld’, Obv. 8 – 11 (Transl.
A. HEIDEL
, op. cit., p. 121).

24
.
‘Ludlul bêl nemeqi’
, II, 36 – 42, 48 (
W.G. LAMBERT
, op. cit., p. 41).