Austerity Britain, 1945–51 (105 page)

27. McCann,
Frankie Howerd
, p 65; Cliff Goodwin,
When the Wind Changed
(1999), p 111; Fenton Bresler,
Lord Goddard
(1977), p 206;
Independent
, 11 Jun 2003 (Robert Verkaik); Raynham, 10–19 Feb 1950;
Independent
, 23 Aug 2001 (Steve Connor); BBC WA, R9/74/1, Apr 1950.

28
. Gaitskell, p 162; Fielding et al,
‘England Arise!’
, p 191; Headlam, p 616; Nicholas,
General Election
, p 284; M-O A, TC 76/4/E.

29
. M-O A, TC 76/4/J;
The New Yorker
, 4 Mar 1950; Goodwin,
Wind
, p 111;
Like
It Was: The Diaries of Malcolm Muggeridge
(1981), p 380;
The Diaries of Cynthia
Gladwyn
(1995), p 118; Haines, 23 Feb 1950; John Fowles,
The Journals, Volume
I
(2003), p 19; BBC WA, R9/74/1, Apr 1950.

30
. Nicolson,
Later Years
, p 187; Langford, 24 Feb 1950;
The New Yorker
, 4 Mar 1950; Haines, 24 Feb 1950; BBC WA, R9/74/1, Apr 1950.

31
. Hodgson, 25 Feb 1950; Raynham, 24 Feb 1950;
Economist
, 4 Mar 1950; Nicolson,
Later Years
, p 188; M-O A, D 5353, 24 Feb 1950; M-O A, TC 76/4/A.

32
.
Socialist Commentary
(Apr 1950), p 88; Mark Benney and Phyllis Geiss, ‘Social Class and Politics in Greenwich’,
British Journal of Sociology
(Dec 1950), p 323.

Part Two

5 A Negative of Snowflakes

1.
Laurence Thompson,
Portrait of England
(1952), p 65; West Midland Group,
Conurbation
(1948), pp 100–103, 16.

2.
Roland Quinault, ‘Britain 1950’,
History Today
(Apr 2001), p 16; G. C. Allen,
The
Structure of Industry in Britain
(1961), p 11;
The Times
, 9 Jan 1995; Peter Pagnamenta and Richard Overy,
All Our Working Lives
(1984), p 20; Clara H. Greed,
Women
and Planning
(1994), pp 126–9.

3.
Picture Post
, 21 Oct 1950; Stewart Dalton,
Crashing Steel
(Barnsley, 1999), pp 6–7; Thompson,
Portrait
, p 245; Michael Blakemore,
Arguments with England
(2004), pp 75–6;
Manchester Evening Chronicle,
12/16 Oct 1951;
Sunday Times
, 7 Nov 2004 (Hunter Davies).

4.
James Lees-Milne,
Caves of Ice
(Faber edn, 1984), p 211; Blakemore,
Arguments
, p 75;
The New Yorker
, 25 Dec 1948; Michael Bond,
Bears & Forebears
(1996), p 119; West Midland Group,
Conurbation
, pp 113–15;
Listener
, 27 Sept 1951; Meredith Veldman,
Fantasy, the Bomb, and the Greening of Britain
(Cambridge, 1994), pp 208–9, 273–99.

5.
Colin G. Pooley and Jean Turnbull, ‘Commuting, Transport and Urban Form’,
Urban History
(Dec 2000), pp 366–7; Gordon E. Cherry,
Town Planning in Britain
since
1900 (Oxford, 1996), p 160; Peter Cain’s recollection of growing up in Bolton.

6.
Illustrated London News
, 10 Jan 1948; H. C. Casserley,
The Observer’s Book of
British Steam Locomotives
(1974), pp 176–7; Paul Vaughan,
Exciting Times in the
Accounts Department
(1995), pp 3–4.

7. Peter Bailey, ‘Jazz at the Spirella’, in Becky Conekin et al (eds),
Moments of
Modernity
(1999), p 23;
Planning
, 17 Oct 1949, p 115; Margaret Hanson et al,
The
Inner Circle
(Stroud, 2002).

6 Part of the Machinery

1
. Seán Damer,
‘Last Exit to Blackhill’
(Glasgow, 1992), p 39; Ian Jack,
Before the Oil
Ran Out
(1987), pp 1–3.

2.
This paragraph is based on: Ross McKibbin,
Classes and Cultures
(Oxford, 1998), pp 106–11; David C. Marsh,
The Changing Social Structure of England and Wales,
1871
–
1961 (1965), pp 130–53; Sidney Pollard,
The Development of the British
Economy
(1983), pp 264–5.

3.
Ferdynand Zweig,
The British Worker
(1952), p 203.

4.
Nigel Watson,
The Celestial Glass Bottle Company
(Cambridge, ; Alan Sillitoe,
Saturday Night and Sunday Morning
(1958), pp 23, 31; Arthur J. McIvor,
A
History of Work in Britain,
1880
–
1950 (Basingstoke, 2001), pp 242–3; Willmott, Oct 1948; Peter Pagnamenta and Richard Overy,
All Our Working Lives
(1984), p 14.

5.
Illustrated London News
, 30 Aug 1947; McKibbin,
Classes
, p 118; McIvor,
History
of Work
, p 245;
News Chronicle
, 21 Dec 1949; Duncan Gallie, ‘The Labour Force’, in A. H. Halsey (ed),
Twentieth-Century British Social Trends
(Basingstoke, 2000), pp 303, 306; Derek H. Aldcroft and Michael J. Oliver,
Trade Unions and the
Economy
(Aldershot, 2000), p 71; William Ashworth,
The History of the British
Coal Industry, Volume
5 (Oxford, 1986), p 556; Ferguson, 31 Oct 1950.

6.
Geoffrey Tweedale,
Magic Mineral to Killer Dust
(Oxford, 2001), pp 106, 184, 286; Laurence Thompson,
Portrait of England
(1952), p 121; Ashworth,
History
, pp 565–7; Ronald Johnston and Arthur McIvor, ‘“Dust to Dust”’,
Oral History
(Autumn 2001), p 53.

7.
Zweig,
British Worker
, pp 115–16.

8.
David Lascelles,
Other People’s Money
(2005), p 19; David Kynaston,
Cazenove
& Co
(1991), p 167; John Griffiths, ‘“Give my Regards to Uncle Billy . . .”’,
Business
History
(Oct 1995), pp 33–5; Adrian Smith, ‘Cars, Cricket and Alf Smith’,
International
Journal of the History of Sport
(Mar 2002), p 144; Steve Humphries and John Taylor,
The Making of Modern London,
1945
–
85 (1986), p 12. In general on Alfred Herbert, see: John McG. Davies, ‘A Twentieth Century Paternalist’, in Bill Lancaster and Tony Mason (eds),
Life and Labour in a Twentieth Century City
(Coventry, 1986?), pp 98–132; Ken Grainger, ‘Management Control and Labour Quiescence’, in Michael Terry and P. K. Edwards (eds),
Shopfloor Politics and Job
Controls
(Oxford, 1988), pp 84–115.

9.
Merthyr Express
, 3 Jul 1948;
Independent
, 8 Apr 2000 (Martin Kelner); Valerie A. Tedder,
Post War Blues
(Leicester, 1999), pp 98–9.

10
. Elizabeth Roberts,
Women and Families
(Oxford, 1995), pp 12, 119–20; Margaret Black, ‘Clerical Workers in the 1950s and 1960s’,
Oral History
(Spring 1994), p 54; Ferdynand Zweig,
Women’s Life and Labour
(1952), p 103; Joanna Bourke,
Working-
Class Cultures in Britain,
1890
–
1960 (1994), p 129.

11
. Elizabeth Wilson,
Only Halfway to Paradise
(1980), p 46; Lascelles,
Other
People’s Money
, p 97; Patricia Hollis,
Jennie Lee
(Oxford, 1997), p 156; Simon Gunn and Rachel Bell,
Middle Classes
(2002), p 156; John Betjeman,
Collected
Poems
(2001), p 181.

12
. Lascelles,
Other People’s Money
, p 98; Sue Bruley, ‘Sorters, Pressers, Pipers and Packers’,
Oral History
(Spring 1997), pp 79–81; McKibbin,
Classes
, p 133.

13
. Pearl Jephcott,
Rising Twenty
(1948), pp 72–4; Zweig,
Women’s Life
, pp 9, 11–12, 17–18, 22, 29, 34–6, 161–2.

14
. Zweig,
British Worker
, chaps 9–10.

15
. Geoffrey Tweedale,
Steel City
(Oxford, 1995), p 314; Stewart Dalton,
Crashing
Steel
(Barnsley, 1999), p 7; McIvor,
Work
, p 249;
Spectator
, 23 Apr 2005 (interview with Field); Ferguson, 28 Aug 1950;
The Times
, 9 May 1997 (interview with Field).

16
. Watson,
Celestial Glass
, p 39; Norman Dennis et al,
Coal is Our Life
(Tavistock Publications edn, 1969), pp 29–30;
News Chronicle
, 21 Dec 1949; Abrams, Box 65 (‘Esso Surveys, 1952–3’ file); Zweig,
British Worker
, pp 100–101.

17
. Norah M. Davies, ‘Attitudes to Work’,
British Journal of Psychology
(Mar 1948), pp 110–17, 131, 126–7; Charlie Mayo, ‘King’s Cross Rail Diary, 1952–3’ (Archives, Ruskin College, Oxford, Ms 54).

7 Stiff and Rigid and Unadaptable

1.
Picture Post
, 5 Nov 1949;
Listener
, 19 Jan 1950;
The New Yorker
, 21 May 1949;
Daily Telegraph
, 6 Nov 1999 (John Keegan);
Listener
, 19 Jan 1950.

2.
Times Literary Supplement
, 26 Oct 2001; Correlli Barnett,
The Lost Victory
(Pan edn, 1996), pp 3–5, 28–9, 52–5, 92, 111–12. For the case that the sterling area’s economic consequences for Britain were not necessarily adverse, see: Catherine Schenk,
Britain and the Sterling Area
(1994).

3. Barnett,
Lost Victory
, pp 350, 347; Rodney Lowe, ‘The Second World War, Consensus and the Foundation of the Welfare State’,
Twentieth Century British
History
, 1/2 (1990), p 172; Jim Tomlinson, ‘Welfare and the Economy’,
Twentieth
Century British History
, 6/2 (1995), pp 194–219.

4.
Information from Lord Howe of Aberavon; S. N. Broadberry and N.F.R. Crafts, ‘British Economic Policy and Industrial Performance in the Early Post-War Period’,
Business History
(Oct 1996), p 77; Helen Mercer, ‘Anti-monopoly Policy’, in Mercer et al (eds),
Labour Governments and Private Industry
(Edinburgh, 1992), p 55.

5.
Dave Russell,
Looking North
(Manchester, 2004), p 59; Preston, 3 Jul 1949;
Isis
, 23 May 1951;
Independent on Sunday
, 4 Jun 1995 (Hazell interview).

6.
David Lascelles,
Other People’s Money
(2005), chap 4; David Kynaston,
The City
of London, Volume IV
(2001), p 54; Lascelles, p 6; Kynaston,
City
, pp 159, 168.

7. Geoffrey Owen,
From Empire to Europe
(1999), chap 15; Kynaston,
City
, p 52. 8. Kynaston,
City
, p 53; David Kynaston,
Siegmund Warburg
(2002), p 39; Streat,

8.
p 556; Gaitskell, p 227.

9.
Barnett,
Lost Victory
, pp 183–4; Kynaston,
City
, pp 9–10; Peter Clarke,
The Cripps
Version
(2002), p 488; Mercer et al,
Labour Governments
, p 6.

10
. Barnett,
Lost Victory
, pp 183–4; Samuel Brittan,
Steering the Economy
(Penguin edn, 1971), p 69; Roy Denman,
The Mandarin’s Tale
(2002), pp 19, 23;
Times
Literary Supplement
, 9 Jun 2006.

11
. J. D. Tomlinson, ‘The Iron Quadrilateral’,
Journal of British Studies
(Jan 1995), pp 107–9; Gaitskell, p 79; Jim Tomlinson,
Democratic Socialism and Economic Policy
(Cambridge, 1997), pp 119–20; Michael Burrage, ‘Nationalisation and the Professional Ideal’,
Sociology
(May 1973), pp 263–6; Martin Chick,
Industrial Policy in
Britain,
1945
–
1951 (Cambridge, 1998), chap 5;
Financial Times
, 18 Apr 2001 (John Kay).

12
.
Socialist Commentary
(Feb 1950), p 30; Correlli Barnett,
The Verdict of Peace
(2001), pp 285–9.