Austerity Britain, 1945–51 (108 page)

13
. Correlli Barnett,
The Verdict of Peace
(2001), pp 16, 24, 26; Sean Greenwood, ‘“A War We Don’t Want”’,
Contemporary British History
(Winter 2003), pp 1–24.

14
. Speed, 5 Jul 1950; Frances Partridge,
Everything to Lose
(1985), p 123; Haines, 30 Jul 1950; Wybrow,
Britain Speaks
, p 29; Hodgson, 10 Dec 1950;
The Letters of
Kingsley Amis
(2000), p 252.

15. Dianne Kirby, ‘Ecclesiastical McCarthyism’,
Contemporary British History
(Jun 2005), pp 191–3; James Cameron,
Point of Departure
(Panther edn, 1985), pp 145– 9; Bill Moore,
Cold War in Sheffield
(Sheffield, 1990); Steve Parsons, ‘British “McCarthyism” and the Intellectuals’, in Jim Fyrth (ed),
Labour’s Promised Land?
(1995), p 240; Hugh Wilford, ‘“Unwitting Assets?”’,
Twentieth Century British
History
, 11/1 (2000), p 47;
Independent
, 18 Jul 1995 (Spender obituary by Peter Porter).

16
. Kevin Morgan,
Harry Pollitt
(Manchester, 1993), p 169; Mervyn Jones,
Chances
(1987), pp 117–18;
Times Literary Supplement
, 5 Oct 2001 (John Jones); Lionel Blue,
My Affair with Christianity
(1998), p 19.

17
. Daly, 302/3/2, 31 Oct 1950, 302/5/2, 3–17 Nov 1950.

18
. Barnett,
Verdict
, p 33; Samuel Brittan,
Steering the Economy
(Penguin edn, 1971),

18
p 184; Andrew Shonfield,
British Economic Policy since the War
(1958), p 56; Barnett,
Verdict
, p 35; Jim Tomlinson,
Democratic Socialism and Economic Policy
(Cambridge, 1997), p 234; Peter Burnham, ‘Rearming for the Korean War’,
Contemporary Record
(Autumn 1995), pp 343–67.

19
. John Campbell,
Nye Bevan
(1997), p 220;
The New Yorker
, 21 Oct 1950.

20
. Williams,
Hugh Gaitskell
, p 238; Gaitskell, p 216; Ben Pimlott,
Harold Wilson
(1992), p 157;
Like It Was: The Diaries of Malcolm Muggeridge
(1981), p 421; Campbell,
Bevan
, pp 225–6.

21
. Gaitskell, pp 233, 237–8; Williams,
Hugh Gaitskell
, p 248; Campbell,
Bevan
, p 233; Brivati,
Hugh Gaitskell
, p 117; Campbell,
Bevan
, p 233.

22
.
Daily Express
, 1 Jan 1951; Crosland,
Crosland
, p 52; Jad Adams,
Tony Benn
(1992), p 74; BBC WA,
Any Questions?
, 9 Mar 1951; Tony Benn,
Years of Hope
(1994), p 145.

23
. Hodgson, Christmas 1950; Richard Weight,
Patriots
(2002), p 133;
The Macmillan
Diaries: The Cabinet Years,
1950
–
1957 (2003), pp 38–40;
The Journal of Sir Randall
Philip
(Edinburgh, 1998), p 199;
The Times
, 2 Apr 2004 (Gavin Vernon obituary);
The Letters of Hugh MacDiarmid
(1984), p 269.

24
. Christopher Harvie,
Scotland and Nationalism
(1998), pp 120–23, 171; Richard J. Finlay,
Modern Scotland,
1914
–
2000 (2004), pp 203–21.

25
. Janet Davies, ‘The Welsh Language’, in Trevor Herbert and Gareth Elwyn Jones (eds),
Post-War Wales
(Cardiff, 1995), p 55;
Spectator
, 22May 2004 (Hywel Williams).

26
.
Independent
, 18 Sept 1998 (Jones obituary by Meic Stephens). For a somewhat kindlier assessment, see obituary in
Daily Telegraph
, 15 Sept 1998.

12 A Kind of Measuring-Rod

1. Langford, 4 Sept 1950.

2. This paragraph is based on: Matthew Hilton,
Smoking in British Popular Culture,

2. 1800
–
2000 (Basingstoke, 2000), pp 179–80;
Independent
, 3 Aug 2000 (Jeremy Laurance); Virginia Berridge, ‘Post-war Smoking Policy in the UK and the Redefinition of Public Health’,
Twentieth Century British History
, 14/(2003), pp 64– 6;
Observer
, 24 Apr 2005 (Simon Garfield).

3.
Chaplin, 7/3/1, 24 Jul 1950, 23 Nov 1950, 22 Dec 1950;
Northern Despatch
, 29 Aug 1950;
Coal
(Oct 1950), pp 10–17;
Times Literary Supplement
, 13 Oct 1950. For a penetrating assessment of Chaplin at this time, see also Robert Colls, ‘Cookson, Chaplin and Common’, in K.D.M. Snell (ed),
The Regional Novel in Britain and
Ireland,
1800
–
1990 (Cambridge, 1998), pp 164–200.

4.
Hodgson, 22 Oct 1950; Max Wall,
The Fool on the Hill
(1975), pp 192–3, 249–50; Graham McCann,
Frankie Howerd
(2004), p 110.

5.
Listener
, 16 Nov 1950; Peter Willmott, ‘Integrity in Social Science – The Upshot of a Scandal’,
International Social Science Journal
, 29/(1977), p 335. In general on Burt’s influence and legacy, see: L. S. Hearnshaw,
Cyril Burt
(1979); Robin Pedley,
The Comprehensive School
(Penguin edn, 1969), pp 35–6; John Vaizey,
In Breach
of Promise
(1983), p 117; Brian Simon,
Education and the Social Order,
1940
–
1990 (1991), pp 157–9.

6.
The Times
, 1 Jul 2000; Tom Courtenay,
Dear Tom
(2000), pp 76–7; Cliff Richard,
Which One’s Cliff?
(Coronet edn, 1981), p 31;
Independent
, 21 Sept 2004 (Clough obituary); Colin Brown,
Fighting Talk
(1997), pp 34–6.

7.
Brian Simon, ‘The Tory Government and Education, 1951–60’,
History of Education
(Dec 1985), p 295; Courtenay,
Dear Tom
, p 92;
TV Times
, 14 Dec 1974; Joan Bakewell,
The Centre of the Bed
(2003), pp 62, 66–7; Peter Stead, ‘Barry since 1939’, in Donald Moore (ed),
Barry
(Barry Island, 1985), pp 458–61.

8.
Steven Berkoff,
Free Association
(1996), p 11; Chris Bryant,
Glenda Jackson
(1999), pp 13, 16; Adrian Turner,
Robert Bolt
(1998), p 69; Preston, 21 Mar 1951.

9.
Sociological Review
(Nov 1963), p 380 (Olive Banks); Olive Banks,
Parity and Prestige
in English Secondary Education
(1955), p 216; Nicholas Timmins,
The Five
Giants
(2001), pp 153–4.

10. William Taylor,
The Secondary Modern School
(1963), pp 12–13;
Socialist Commentary
(Sept 1951), p 214; Brown,
Fighting Talk
, p 35.

11
. BBC 2,
The New Jerusalem: A Place in the Class
, 2 Jul 1995; Rhodes Boyson,
Speaking My Mind
(1995), pp 43–7; Edward Blishen,
Roaring Boys
(Panther edn, 1966), back cover, pp 20–21; BBC 2,
From Butler to Baker
, 11 Jan 1994.

12
. F. W. Martin, ‘An Inquiry into Parents’ Preferences in Secondary Education’, in D. V. Glass (ed),
Social Mobility in Britain
(1954), chapt 7.

13
. Ibid, p 171;
Picture Post
, 28 Jan 1950.

14. Bill Wyman,
Stone Alone
(1990), p 55; Blishen,
Roaring Boys
, p 15; Simon,
Education
, p 99.

15
. H. T. Himmelweit, ‘Social Status and Secondary Education since the 1944 Act’, in Glass,
Social Mobility
, pp 141–59.

16
. D. W. Dean, ‘Planning for a Postwar Generation’,
History of Education
(Jun 1986), p 101; Robert G. Burgess, ‘Changing Concepts of Secondary Education’, in Bill Lancaster and Tony Mason (eds),
Life and Labour in a Twentieth-Century City
(Coventry, 1986?), p 298; Ross McKibbin,
Classes and Cultures
(Oxford, 1998), p 235.

17
. Laurence Thompson,
Portrait of England
(1952), pp 7, 190–94.

18. V. S. Naipaul,
Letters Between a Father and Son
(1999), pp 28, 45, 63–5.

19. Phyllis Willmott,
Joys and Sorrows
(1995), p 128; M-O A, D 5353, 6 Jan 1951; Haines, 13 Jan 1951;
Sunday Chronicle
, 11 Mar 1951.

20. M-O A, Directives for Mar–Apr 1951, Replies (Women F–N); Haines, 28 Mar 1951; M-O A, Directives for Mar–Apr 1951, Replies (Men); BBC WA,
Any Questions?
, 29 Sept 1950; Phil Walley,
Accrington Stanley Football Club
(Stroud, 2001), p 31.

21. BBC WA, R9/74/1, Nov 1950–Feb 1951; Denis Gifford,
The Golden Age of Radio
(1985), p 295; M-O A, D 5353, 5/19 Mar 1951.

22. BBC WA, R9/74/1, May 1951, Oct 1950; William Smethurst,
The Archers
(1996), p 12; Asa Briggs,
Sound and Vision
(Oxford, 1995), p 99; BBC WA, R9/74/1, Feb– Mar 1951, May 1951; Richard Weight,
Patriots
(2002), p 159.

23
.
The Times
, 23 Jan 1951; John Caughie,
Television Drama
(Oxford, 2000), p 36;
Times Literary Supplement
, 1 Oct 1999 (Mick Hume); Briggs,
Sound and Vision,
pp 416-19.

24. Briggs,
Sound and Vision
, pp 345, 40;
Evening Standard
, 19 Jan 1951.

25
. Caughie,
Television
, pp 33–4; Peter Goddard, ‘“Hancock’s Half-Hour”’, in John Corner (ed),
Popular Television in Britain
(1991), p 76; Mark Lewisohn,
Radio
Times Guide to TV Comedy
(2003), pp 389, 754; Hodgson, 1 Apr 1951; Speed, 24/28 Mar 1951; Brown, 1/16, 2 Apr 1951.

26
. Caughie,
Television Drama
, pp 37–41; BBC WA, R9/4, 12 Feb–11 Mar 1950, R9/19/1, Jun 1950, Feb 1951, Mar 1951, May 1951, Mar 1952.

27
.
Guardian
, 4 Jul 2005; Heap, 18 Jan 1950; Langford, 21 Jan 1950;
The New Yorker
, 11 Feb 1950; Heap, 3 May 1950; Robert Hewison,
In Anger
(1986), p 81.

28. Dominic Shellard, ‘1950–54’, in Shellard (ed),
British Theatre in the
1950
s
(Sheffield, 2000), pp 28–40; Richard Huggett,
Binkie Beaumont
(1989), p 424; Christopher Innes, ‘Terence Rattigan’, in Shellard,
British Theatre
, pp 53–63;
New Statesman
, 4 Mar 1950.

29
. Heap, 19 Apr 1951;
New Statesman
, 28 Apr 1951; Huggett,
Binkie Beaumont
, p 428; Charles Duff,
The Lost Summer
(1995), p 125.

13 Their Own Private Domain

1.
Langford, 2 Apr 1951; F. T. Burnett and Sheila F. Scott, ‘A Survey of Housing Conditions in the Urban Areas of England and Wales’,
Sociological Review
(Mar 1962), pp 36–8; F. J. McCulloch, ‘Housing Policy’,
Sociological Review
(Mar 1961), p 105.

2. Burnett and Scott, ‘Survey’, p 42; K. C. Wiggans, ‘Job and Health in a Shipyard Town’,
Sociological Review
(1952), Section Five, p 2;
New Statesman
, 2 Dec 1950.

3.
New Statesman
, 22 Jul 1950; T. Brennan,
Reshaping a City
(Glasgow, 1959), pp 20–21; Andrew Gibb,
Glasgow
(Beckenham, 1983), p 161; Ronald Smith,
The
Gorbals
(Glasgow, 1999), p 15.

4.
Alan Holmans, ‘Housing’, in A. H. Halsey (ed),
Twentieth-Century British Social
Trends
(Basingstoke, 2000), p 487;
New Statesman
, 2 Dec 1950; Miles Horsey,
Tenements and Towers
(Edinburgh, 1990), p 27.

5.
Elizabeth Layton, ‘The Economics of Housing’,
Town Planning Review
(Apr 1951), p 9; Jim Yelling, ‘Public Policy, Urban Renewal and Property Ownership, 1945– 55’,
Urban History
(May 1995), pp 50–54; Phyllis Willmott,
Joys and Sorrows
(1995), pp 123–4;
The Letters of Kingsley Amis
(2000), p 222; Richard Bradford,
Lucky
Him
(2001), p 126; Kingsley Amis,
That Uncertain Feeling
(Penguin edn, 1985), p 103.