8 Joseph Massad is currently preparing a study on attitudes toward sex in Arabic literature in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. I have benefited from discussions with him about the development of attitudes during the period.
12 See Shihab al-Dīn, Dī wa n, pt. 4 (fi al-ikhwa n wa al-nudma n wa al-h isa n min aljawa ri wa al-ghilma n); Majdi Bey, Di wa n, pp. 88, 118, 123, 241, 242, 247- 48, 284, 306, 313 - 14, 317-18, 319-20, 335, 354, 377; Fikri , al-A tha r al-fikriyyah,