Citizen Emperor (183 page)

 
100
. Caulaincourt,
Memoirs
, i. p. 214.

 
101
. Paul Britten Austin,
1812: The March on Moscow
(London, 1993), pp. 157–8.

 
102
. Joseph de Maistre,
Correspondance diplomatique 1811–1817
, 2 vols (Paris, 1860), i. pp. 130–1 (no date but probably July 1812); Nabokov and de Lastours,
Koutouzov
, pp. 143–66.

 
103
. Lieven,
Russia against Napoleon
, p. 189.

 
104
. Esdaile,
Napoleon’s Wars
, p. 475.

 
105
. Maurice Paléologue,
Alexandre Ier, un tsar énigmatique
(Paris, 1937), pp. 140–1.

 
106
. Fain,
Manuscrit de mil huit cent douze
, ii. p. 7.

 
107
. Fain,
Manuscrit de mil huit cent douze
, ii. p. 8.

 
108
. Fain,
Manuscrit de mil huit cent douze
, ii. pp. 8–9.

 
109
. Colonel Rodojuzky, cited in Nabokov and de Lastours,
Koutouzov
, p. 172.

 
110
. Ducque,
Journal
, pp. 19–20.

 
111
. On the battle of Borodino see Duffy,
Borodino
; Parkinson,
The Fox of the North
, pp. 139–57; Zamoyski,
1812
, pp. 252–88; Chandler,
Campaigns of Napoleon
, pp. 790–810; Soltyk,
Napoléon en 1812
, pp. 155–74.

 
112
. Duffy,
Borodino
, pp. 84–5; Adams,
Napoleon and Russia
, p. 340.

 
113
. Vladimir Ivanovitch Löwenstern,
Mémoires du général-major russe baron de Löwenstern
, 2 vols (Paris, 1903), i. p. 273. Although the militia often stole whatever valuables they could find on the wounded (Zamoyski,
1812
, pp. 258–9, 327).

 
114
. On this point see Lieven,
Russia against Napoleon
, pp. 195–6.

 
115
. 
Corr.
xxiv. n. 19182 (7 September 1812).

 
116
. Chandler,
Campaigns of Napoleon
, pp. 798–9; Duffy,
Borodino
, p. 85; Lieven,
Russia against Napoleon
, pp. 199–200.

 
117
. Caulaincourt,
Memoirs
, i. p. 245.

 
118
. Lejeune,
Mémoires
, p. 398.

 
119
. Gaspard Gourgaud,
Napoléon et la grande-armée en Russie ou Examen critique de l’ouvrage de M. le comte Ph. de Ségur
(Brussels, 1825), p. 242.

 
120
. Cited in Adams,
Napoleon and Russia
, p. 349. Others (Duffy,
Borodino
, pp. 142–3) have more or less excused both commanders from what appears to be complete lethargy, as though they were paralysed by their responsibilities.

 
121
. Caulaincourt,
Memoirs
, i. pp. 245–6.

 
122
. Lieven,
Russia against Napoleon
, pp. 206–7.

 
123
. Brett-James,
1812: Eyewitness
, p. 48.

 
124
. Esdaile,
Napoleon’s Wars
, p. 414.

 
125
. For his health see Constant,
Mémoires
, v. pp. 60–1; Denniée,
Itinéraire de l’empereur Napoléon
, p. 74, who asserts that he was also suffering from a migraine; Marie-Joseph-Thomas Rossetti,
Journal d’un compagnon de Murat: Espagne, Naples, Russie
(Paris, 1998), p. 116, who says that he was ‘in pain’; Marie-Elie-Guillaume de Baudus,
Etudes sur Napoléon, par le lieutenant-colonel de Baudus
, 2 vols (Paris, 1841), ii. p. 83.

 
126
. Ducque,
Journal
, p. 22.

 
127
. Ducque,
Journal
, p. 21. Denniée,
Itinéraire de l’empereur Napoléon
, pp. 80–1; Adams,
Napoleon and Russia
, p. 355.

 
128
. Ducque,
Journal
, pp. 21–2.

 
129
. Rostopchin to Vorontsov, 28 April 1814, in Bartenev (ed.),
Archiv kniazia Vorontsova
, viii. p. 319.

 
130
. Adams,
Napoleon and Russia
, p. 355.

 
131
. On Russian losses, Zamoyski,
1812
, pp. 287–8; Nordhof,
Die Geschichte der Zerstörung Moskaus
, p. 164 n. 209; Alexander Mikaberidze,
The Battle of Borodino: Napoleon against Kutuzov
(Barnsley, 2007), pp. 207–18; Lieven,
Russia against Napoleon
, p. 209.

 
132
. On the aftermath of the battle see Faure,
Souvenirs du Nord
, pp. 45–7; Bourgeois,
Tableau de la campagne de Moscou
, pp. 47, 50–2; Dedem de Gelder,
Un général hollandais
, p. 240; François Dumonceau,
Mémoires du général comte François Dumonceau
, 3 vols (Brussels, 1958–63), ii. pp. 142–4; Roos,
Souvenirs
, p. 100; François,
Journal
, p. 666 (7 September 1812); Vionnet de Maringoné,
Souvenirs
, pp. 14–15; La Flize, ‘Souvenirs de la Moskowa par un chirurgien de la Garde Impériale’,
Feuilles d’histoire du XVIIe au XXe siècle
, 8 (1912), 419–26.

 
133
. Ségur,
Histoire et mémoires
, iv. pp. 411–12.

 
134
. Pierrelongue (ed.),
Napoléon et Marie-Louise
, p. 56 (8 September 1812).

 
135
. Ségur,
Histoire et mémoires
, iv. pp. 411–12.