Citizen Emperor (184 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
136
. Alphonse Rabbe,
Résumé de l’histoire de Russie depuis l’établissement de Rourik . . . jusqu’à nos jours
(Paris, 1825), pp. 595–6.
19: ‘The Struggle of Obstinacy’
| 1 . | Méneval, Mémoires , iii. p. 62. For a description of the city see G. Lecointe de Laveau, Moscou avant et après l’incendie (Paris, 1814), pp. 1–13. |
| 2 . | Labaume, Relation circonstanciée , p. 183. |
| 3 . | Fantin des Odoards, Journal , pp. 331–2; Bourgogne, Mémoires , p. 13; Faure, Souvenirs du Nord , pp. 51–2; Soltyk, Napoléon en 1812 , pp. 183–6. |
| 4 . | Bourgogne, Mémoires , p. 13; Combe, Mémoires , pp. 100–1. |
| 5 . | Guillaume Peyrusse, Lettres inédites du baron Guillaume Peyrusse, écrites à son frère André, pendant les campagnes de l’empire, de 1809 à 1814 (Paris, 1894), p. 100 (22 September 1812). |
| 6 . | Paul Bairoch, ‘Une nouvelle distribution des populations: villes et campagnes’, in Jean-Pierre Bardet et Jacques Dupâquier (eds), Histoire des populations de l’Europe , 3 vols (Paris, 1997), ii. p. 211; Alexander M. Martin, ‘Down and Out in 1812: The Impact of the Napoleonic Invasion on Moscow’s Middling Strata’, in Roger Bartlett and Gabriella Lehmann-Carli (eds), Eighteenth-Century Russia: Society, Culture, Economy (Münster, 2008), p. 430. |
| 7 . | Mavor (ed.), The Grand Tours of Katherine Wilmot , pp. 145–6; Constantin de Grunwald, Société et civilisation russes au XIXe siècle (Paris, 1975), pp. 41–5; Torrance, ‘Some Russian Attitudes to France’, 294. |
| 8 . | Martin, ‘Lost Arcadia’, 609. |
| 9 . | Count Ysarn Dunin-Stryzewski to his wife (12 October 1812). Also Prosper to his father-in-law (15 October), in Lettres interceptées , pp. 79, 148. |
| 10 . | Martin, ‘The Response of the Population of Moscow’, pp. 469–70. |
| 11 . | On this see Lieven, Russia against Napoleon , pp. 210–11. |
| 12 . | A. A. Orlov, ‘Britons in Moscow’, History Today , 53/7 (2003), 18–19. The figures are from Martin, ‘The Response of the Population of Moscow’, pp. 473, 474, based on a police report; Nordhof, Die Geschichte der Zerstörung Moskaus , p. 166 n. 218; Zamoyski, 1812 , p. 576 n. 5. |
| 13 . | Ségur, Histoire et mémoires , v. p. 57. |
| 14 . | Ducque, Journal , pp. 26–7. |
| 15 . | Bourgogne, Mémoires , pp. 13–16. |
| 16 . | Martin, ‘The Response of the Population of Moscow’, p. 479. |
| 17 . | Fantin des Odoards, Journal , p. 332. |
| 18 . | Fantin des Odoards, Journal , p. 241. See also Labaume, Relation circonstanciée , pp. 194, 196, 197; Thirion, Souvenirs militaires , pp. 103–4; Duverger, Mes aventures , p. 8. |
| 19 . | Caulaincourt, Memoirs , i. p. 259; Soltyk, Napoléon en 1812 , p. 191. |
| 20 . | Adams, Napoleon and Russia , p. 408. About 260,000 men were still operating in various parts of Russia at this point (Ralph Ashby, Napoleon against Great Odds: The Emperor and the Defenders of France, 1814 (Santa Barbara, Calif., 2010), pp. 12–13). About 100,000 of those had been left to guard the route to Moscow (Marie-Pierre Rey, ‘De l’uniforme à l’accoutrement: une métaphore de la retraite? Réalité et symbolique du vêtement dans la campagne de Russie de 1812’, in Natalie Petiteau, Jean-Marc Olivier and Sylvie Caucanas (eds), Les Européens dans les guerre napoléoniennes (Toulouse, 2012), p. 238). |
| 21 . | Paradis to Bonnegrâce (20 September 1812), in Lettres interceptées , p. 19. |
| 22 . | Ducque, Journal , p. 27. |
| 23 . | Martin, ‘The Response of the Population of Moscow’, p. 476. |
| 24 . | Frédéric List to his wife (22 September 1812), in Lettres interceptées , p. 26. Most others had suffered the same conditions (R.S. to Mme Lebrun (13 October 1812), in Lettres interceptées , p. 81). |
| 25 . | Captain Richard to Colonel Borthon (22 September 1812), in Lettres interceptées , pp. 333–4. |
| 26 . | General Baraguay d’Hilliers to his wife (31 October 1812), in Lettres interceptées , pp. 343–4. |
| 27 . | Baron Boulart to his wife (1 November 1812), in Lettres interceptées , pp. 184–5. |
| 28 . | Germaine de Staël-Holstein, Dix années d’exil (Paris, 1904), p. 311; Angelica Goodden, Madame de Staël: The Dangerous Exile (Oxford, 2008), pp. 204–16. |
| 29 . | Martin, Romantics, Reformers, Reactionaries , pp. 125–36. |
| 30 . | Nordhof, Die Geschichte der Zerstörung Moskaus , pp. 113, 118, 133–5, 143–5, 146. |
| 31 . | Torrance, ‘Some Russian Attitudes to France’, 294. |
| 32 . | For the following, Marina Peltzer, ‘Imagerie populaire et caricature: la graphique politique antinapoléonienne en Russie et ses antécédents pétroviens’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes , 48 (1985), 190; and Marina Peltzer, ‘Peasants, Cossacks, “Black Tsar”: Russian Caricatures of Napoleon during the Wars of 1812 to 1814’, in Alan Forrest, Etienne François and Karen Hagemann (eds), War Memories: The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in Modern European Culture (Basingstoke, 2012). |
| 33 . | Martin, ‘Lost Arcadia’, 612. |
| 34 . | Martin, Romantics, Reformers, Reactionaries , p. 128. |
| 35 . | Martin, Romantics, Reformers, Reactionaries , p. 135. |
| 36 . | Adams, Napoleon and Russia , p. 320. |
| 37 . | Zamoyski, 1812 , p. 294. |
| 38 . | Nordhof, Die Geschichte der Zerstörung Moskaus , pp. 154–6; Martin, Romantics, Reformers, Reactionaries , pp. 129–30. |
| 39 . | Torrance, ‘Some Russian Attitudes to France’, 296. |
| 40 . | Cited in Torrance, ‘Some Russian Attitudes to France’, 296–7. |
| 41 . | Edling, Mémoires , pp. 74–6; Lieven, Russia against Napoleon , p. 210. |
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