Citizen Emperor (181 page)

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Authors: Philip Dwyer

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14
.
Anka Muhlstein,
Napoléon à Moscou
(Paris, 2007), pp. 16–17.
15
.
Adams,
Napoleon and Russia
, pp. 283–5.
16
.
Pierrelongue (ed.),
Napoléon et Marie-Louise
, pp. 22, 24 and 26; Caulaincourt,
Memoirs
, i. p. 163.
17
.
Chandler,
Campaigns of Napoleon
, pp. 763, 775; Lentz,
Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire
, ii. p. 265.
18
.
Fain,
Manuscrit de mil huit cent douze
, i. p. 75; Soltyk,
Napoléon en 1812
, pp. 27–8. Also, citing Tuchkov, in Serge Nabokov and Sophie de Lastours,
Koutouzov: le vainqueur de Napoléon
(Paris, 1990), p. 156.
19
.
Corr.
xxiii. n. 18855 (22 June 1812).
20
.
Sayve,
Souvenirs de Pologne
, pp. 146–7; Denniée,
Itinéraire de l’empereur Napoléon
, p. 27; Soltyk,
Napoléon en 1812
, pp. 46–8. They were treated even worse on the return leg of the invasion. See, for example, Labaume,
Relation circonstanciée
, pp. 363–4.
21
.
Cited in Marie-Christiane Torrance, ‘Some Russian Attitudes to France in the Period of the Napoleonic Wars as Revealed by Russian Memoirs (1807–14)’,
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy
, 86c (1986), 293; Josselson and Josselson,
The Commander
, pp. 77, 92–3.
22
.
Christopher Duffy,
Borodino and the War of 1812
(London, 1972), pp. 53–5; Josselson and Josselson,
The Commander
, p. 77; Lieven,
Russia against Napoleon
, pp. 124–5. It is an exaggeration to claim, however, that Alexander and Barclay de Tolly had outsmarted Napoleon.
23
.
Bailleu (ed.),
Briefwechsel König Friedrich Wilhelm
, n. 198 (14 May 1811), pp. 219–22.
24
.
Wilhelm von Oncken,
Österreich und Preußen im Befreiungs-Kriege: urkundliche Aufschlüße über die politische Geschichte des Jahres 1813
, 2 vols (Berlin, 1876–9), ii. pp. 611–14 (13 August 1811).
25
.
Lieven,
Russia against Napoleon
, pp. 125–32, 149. Lieven believes that this kind of mission was little more than an excuse for intelligence gathering. Balashev was, in fact, accompanied by a young intelligence officer, Mikhail Orlov.
26
.
Palmer,
Alexander I
, pp. 226–7; Josselson and Josselson,
The Commander
, p. 96.
27
.
Sayve,
Souvenirs de Pologne
, p. 169; François,
Journal
, p. 645 (28 June 1812); Caulaincourt,
Memoirs
, i. p. 167.
28
.
For the former, Ségur,
Histoire et mémoires
, iv. p. 148; Denniée,
Itinéraire de l’empereur Napoléon
, p. 24; and for the latter, Caulaincourt,
Memoirs
, i. p. 167.
29
.
See also Josselson and Josselson,
The Commander
, pp. 86, 93–4, 95–6, 101–3 104; Lieven,
Russia against Napoleon
, p. 150.
30
.
Josselson and Josselson,
The Commander
, pp. 104–5; Martin,
Romantics, Reformers, Reactionaries
, p. 132.
31
.
Lieven,
Russia against Napoleon
, p. 151.
32
.
Caulaincourt,
Memoirs
, i. pp. 168, 173. Napoleon was supposedly helped to believe that the Russians would stand and fight by an agent in Lithuania who passed on disinformation (Lieven,
Russia against Napoleon
, p. 148, and on other ‘missions’, pp. 149–50).
33
.
Tatistcheff,
Alexandre Ier et Napoléon
, pp. 588–609; Caulaincourt,
Memoirs
, i. p. 171.
34
.
Cited in Zamoyski,
1812
, p. 159.
35
.
Tatistcheff,
Alexandre Ier et Napoléon
, p. 606; Zamoyski,
1812
, p. 160.
36
.
Emmanuel de Waresquiel (ed.),
Lettres d’un lion: correspondance inédite du général Mouton, comte de Lobau (1812–1815)
(Paris, 2005), p. 59 (30 June 1812).
37
.
Bellot de Kergorre,
Journal
, p. 47; Coignet,
Note-Books
, p. 207; B. T. Duverger,
Mes Aventures dans la Campagne de Russie
(Paris, 1833), p. 4.
38
.
Denniée,
Itinéraire de l’empereur Napoléon
, pp. 21–2. Henri-Pierre Everts, ‘Campagne et captivité de Russie (1812–1813): extraits des Mémoires inédits du général-major H. p. Everts’, in
Carnets et journal
sur la campagne de Russie
(Paris, 1997), p. 120, and Caulaincourt,
Memoirs
, i. p. 167, both give a figure of 10,000 dead horses.
39
.
Corr.
xxiv. n. 18925 (8 July 1812).
40
.
Caulaincourt,
Memoirs
, i. p. 186; Curtis Cate,
The War of the Two Emperors: The Duel between Napoleon and Alexander – Russia, 1812
(New York, 1985), p. 255. Half of those again were lost at the battle of Borodino.
41
.
Alexander M. Martin, ‘Lost Arcadia: The 1812 War and the Russian Images of Aristocratic Womanhood’,
European History Quarterly
, 37 (2007), 611–14.
42
.
Aubin Dutheillet de Lamothe,
Mémoires du lieutenant-colonel Aubin Dutheillet de Lamothe
(Brussels, 1899), p. 39.
43
.
Roos,
Souvenirs
, p. 84; Georges de Chambray,
Histoire de l’expédition de Russie
, 2 vols (Paris, 1823), i. pp. 103–6, 111–13.
44
.
François,
Journal
, p. 645 (29 June 1812); Antony Brett-James,
1812: Eyewitness Accounts
(New York, 1966), pp. 53–5.
45
.
Fain,
Manuscrit de mil huit cent douze
, i. pp. 227–8.
46
.
Roos,
Souvenirs
, p. 84.
47
.
Coignet,
Note-Books
, p. 215. Similarly, Everts, ‘Campagne et captivité de Russie’, p. 125.
48
.
Zamoyski,
1812
, p. 228.
49
.
These figures vary according to the source. Before the arrival of the army at Vilnius, according to Lentz,
Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire
, ii. p. 278, more than 30,000 were roaming the countryside.
50
.
Adams,
Napoleon and Russia
, p. 309.
51
.
Ducque,
Journal
, p. 11; Roos,
Souvenirs
, p. 81.

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