Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (179 page)

Third phase of settlement represented in the Tehuacán Valley of Mexico and dating to the period 5000–3400 bc. Characterized by small dry-season camps and larger wet-season camps. Wild and semi-domesticated plants coupled with hunted small game made up the main diet. Maize first appears during this phase, and small gardens were made.

 
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A type of pottery made at Crambeck, North Yorkshire, which was widely distributed across the north of England and North Wales in the second half of the 4th century
ad
. Common types include cream-coloured mortaria and parchment wares, imitation Samian forms, and a range of lead-grey kitchen wares.

 
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Volume of the brain expressed in cubic centimetres.

 
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An artificial island usually constructed on a natural shoal or shallow within a lake or wetland by timber piling and laying down brushwood. Clay or plank floors for structures and surfaces are put on the foundation. A causeway typically joins the crannog to the mainland. Such sites are widely found in Ireland and western Scotland and date to between the 4th millennium
bc
and the 1st millennium
ad
.
LAKE VILLAGES
.

 
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A large vessel used during classical times on festive occasions for containing wine or a mixture of wine and water.

 
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Crawford , Osbert Guy Stanhope
(1886–1957)
[Bi].

British archaeologist who is best known as the founder of the journal
Antiquity
and for his work with aerial photographs. Born in Bombay, India, his mother died soon after he was born and he was brought up in London and later Newbury, Berkshire, by his father's sisters. He was educated at Marlborough College and then went up to Keble College, Oxford, where he started reading Greats but after discovering an interest in archaeology gave this up in favour of a geography diploma. It is clear that he enjoyed neither school nor university. His first tentative steps into archaeological fieldwork with the Wellcome Expedition to the Sudan was cut short by WW1. After a period in the infantry he was attached to the Third Army as a photographer and he then realized a long-standing ambition to work in the Royal Flying Corps. Here he became an observer but was shot down early in 1918. After the war he undertook various short-term jobs in field archaeology.
In 1920 he was appointed as the first Archaeology Officer in the Ordnance Survey. This suited him well, not least because it meant carving out a job for himself in an organization where nothing similar had previously existed. Continuing his work with aerial photography he also worked on the revision of archaeological features depicted on published maps. The aerial photographs that he took or acquired from others in the 1920s and 1930s have since proved to be some of the most valuable records of archaeological sites currently available. One innovation was the production of period maps showing archaeological distributions, one of the first being the
Map of Roman Britain
. Much of this work had to be done single-handedly as he had no assistants, and in the face of unsympathetic official outlooks. In 1927 he founded the international journal
Antiquity
, which he edited through to his death in 1957. One of his best-known works, a series of aerial photographs of Wessex taken as part of a joint project with
Alexander KEILLER
, was published in 1928 (
Wessex from the air
. Oxford: Clarendon Press); other publications include
Man and his past
(1921, London: Milford),
Long barrows of the Cotswolds
(1925, Gloucester: John Bellows), and
Archaeology in the field
(1953, London: Phoenix). He was made CBE in 1950 and received several other awards and honours.
[Abio.: 1955,
Said and done
, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson]