Double Victory (32 page)

In 1901 Coretta Alfred: The Music of Black Americans: A History,
306

As
the German army approached: Chicago Defender
12-18-1943

That's why Coretta and her pianist husband: Chicago Defender
12-18-1943

“I returned to America to see my mother”: Crisis
7-37

Roberta left Bonham:
“Bonham Musicians Back Future Opera Star”

They shared a passion: Chicago Defender
9-1-1945

WAC Band #2 found it difficult: Iowa Bystander
7-24-1944, Interview with Novella Cromer 10-6-2011

But by November 1944: Iowa Bystander
11-16-1944

“We don't take Negroes here”: Chicago Defender
10-3-1942

Shortly after the war ended: Chicago Defender
7-13-1946

“My sole interest is in building”: Chicago Defender
7-13-1946

The International Sweethearts of Rhythm performed in St. Louis: Pittsburgh Courier
6-29-1946

“We have just brought to a successful conclusion”: Chicago Defender
10-20-1945

“I am sure that you will realize”: Chicago Defender
10-20-1945

The DAR blamed their actions: Chicago Defender
12-22-1945

“Why not?”: Afro American
1-5-1946

“After the war? Who knows?”: Pittsburgh Courier
5-19-1945

Epilogue

“the first lady of Maryland's”: Baltimore Sun
7-8-1992

Settling in St. Louis, Missouri: St. Louis Post-Dispatch
1-25-1993

When she was asked to speak: Washington Post
9-3-1998

Layle's work with the American Federation of Teachers: American Educator
Winter 2000–2001

Books

Adams Earley, Charity.
One Woman's Army: A Black Officer Remembers the WAC.
College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1989.

Atwood, Kathryn J.
Women Heroes of World War II.
Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2011.

Bellafaire, Judith L.
The Army Nurse Corps: A Commemoration of World War II Service.
U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1993.

Carew, Joy Gleason.
Blacks, Reds and Russians: Sojourners in Search of the Soviet Promise
. Piscataway: Rutgers University Press, 2008.

Carney Smith, Jessie, ed.
Notable Black American Women.
Detroit: Gale Research, 1992.

Chateauvert, Melinda.
Marching Together: Women of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.
Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998.

Guzman, Jessie Parkhurst, ed.
Negro Yearbook: A Review of Events Affecting Negro Life, 1941–46.
Tuskegee, AL: Tuskegee Institute, 1947.
www.archive.org/stream/negroyearbookrev00guzmrich/negroyearbookrev00guzmrich_djvu.txt
.

Honey, Maureen, ed.
Bitter Fruit
. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1999.

Kersten, Andrew E.
Race, Jobs, and the War: The FEPC in the Midwest, 1941–46.
Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2007.

Litoff, Judy Barrett, and David C. Smith, eds.
American Women in a World at War: Contemporary Accounts from World War II.
Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1997.

McCabe, Katie, and Dovey Johnson Roundtree.
Justice Older than the Law: The Life of Dovey Johnson Roundtree.
Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2009.

Moore, Brenda L.
To Serve My Country, To Serve My Race: The Story of the Only African American WACs Stationed Overseas During World War II.
New York: New York University Press, 1996.

Morehouse, Maggie.
Fighting in the Jim Crow Army: Black Men and Women Remember World War II.
New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000.

Olson, Lynne.
Freedom's Daughters: The Unsung Heroines of the Civil Rights Movement from 1830 to 1970.
New York: Touchstone, 2001.

Putney, Martha S.
When the Nation Was in Need: Blacks in the Women's Army Corps During World War II.
Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1992.

Rollins, Judith.
All Is Never Said: The Narrative of Odette Harper Hines.
Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995.

Sarnecky, Mary T.
A History of the U.S. Army Nurse Corps.
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999.

Shaw, Stephanie J.
What a Woman Ought to Be and to Do: Black Professional Women Workers During the Jim Crow Era.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.

Southern, Eileen.
The Music of Black Americans: A History.
New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1997.

Sugrue, Thomas J.
Sweet Land of Liberty: The Forgotten Struggle for Civil Rights in the North.
New York: Random House, 2008.

Tucker, Sherrie.
Swing Shift: “All-Girl” Bands of the 1940s.
Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000.

Yellin, Emily.
Our Mothers' War: American Women at Home and at the Front During World War II.
New York: Free Press, 2004.

Dissertations

Lucander, David. “It Is a New Kind of Militancy”: March on Washington Movement, 1941–1946” (2010).
Open Access Dissertations.
Paper 247.
http://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/247
.

Sims-Wood, Janet. “We Served America Too!: Personal Recollections of African Americans in the Women's Army Corps During World War II.” Graduate School of the Union Institute, 1994.

Interviews

Telephone interview with Violet Gordon, April 25, 2008.

Telephone interview with Rosemary Skipper, June 13, 2011, and August 20, 2011.

Telephone interview with Ora Pierce Hicks, June 17, 2011.

Telephone interview with Frances Hawthorne, September 29, 2011.

Telephone interview with Novella Cromer, October 6, 2011.

Journals

Ransom, Leon. “Combating Discrimination in the Employment of Negroes in War Industries and Government Agencies.”
Journal of Negro Education
12, no. 3 (Summer 1943): 405–416.

Schierenbeck, Jack. “Lost and Found: The Incredible Life and Times of (Miss) Layle Lane.”
American Educator
(Winter 2000–2001).

Letters

Sammie M. Rice Collection, Betty H. Carter Women Veterans Historical Project, Martha Hodges Special Collections and University Archives, University Libraries, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC.

Magazines

“California: Victory on Sugar Hill.”
Time,
December 17, 1945.

“Crime: Lynch Week.”
Time,
October 26, 1942.

Eustis, Morton. “Double Bill in North Africa.”
Negro Digest,
December 1943.

Gorham, Thelma Thurston. “Negro Army Wives.”
Crisis,
January 1943.

Hall, Chatwood. “A Black Woman in Red Russia.”
Crisis,
July 1937.

Murray, Pauli. “A Blueprint for First Class Citizenship.”
Crisis,
November 1944.

“U.S. at War: The Vanishing Servant.”
Time,
September 21, 1942.

Newspapers

“A Rebuke Opens Air Raid Posts for NY Women.”
Chicago Defender
, October 18, 1941.

“Alberta Hunter Abroad.”
Afro American,
September 15, 1945.

“Army Nurse Jim Crowed at Airfield and on Plane.”
Pittsburgh Courier,
August 11, 1945.

“Army Nurse, Preparing to Go to War, Beaten.”
Chicago Defender
, October 3, 1942.

“Avers New Deal Slights Negro Civil Air Cadets.”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, August 18, 1944.

“Before the Dream: Pauline Myers, Foot Soldier in a Long-Ago March for Civil Rights.”
Washington Post,
August 26, 1993.

“Blackout Test Shows Fallacy of Jim Crow in Civilian Defense.”
Pittsburgh Courier,
March 14, 1942.

Bolden, Frank. “Burma Hospital Has All-Negro Personnel.”
Pittsburgh Courier,
June 30, 1945.

Briggs, Diana. “Women Power in War.”
Chicago Defender
, September 26, 1942.

Buchanan, Sgt. C. M. “Negro Hospital.”
Roundup
, May 31, 1945.
http://cbi-theater-1.home.comcast.net/~cbi-theater-1/roundup/roundup053145.html0
.

“City Hospitals Asked to Use Colored Nurses.”
Afro American,
June 8, 1943.

“Claims Trained Negroes Can't Get War Jobs.”
Chicago Daily Tribune,
June 4, 1942.

“Deactivate Negro WAC Band at Ft. Des Moines.”
Iowa Bystander,
July 20, 1944.

“Defense Jim Crow Bared in Philly.”
Afro American,
January 11, 1941.

“Domestic Service Is on the Way Out.”
Afro America,
September 29, 1942.

“8 Chicagoans in N. Africa Hospital Unit.”
Chicago Defender,
March 13, 1943.

Estrada, Louie. “Social Activist E. Pauline Myers Dies.”
Washington Post,
September 3, 1998.

“Experiences in Europe Thrill Red Cross Aide.”
Chicago Defender
, June 16, 1945.

“FBI Can't Find Any ‘Eleanor Clubs.'”
Pittsburgh Courier,
October 3, 1942.

“FEP Told of Job Bans in West Coast Shipyards.”
Chicago Defender,
November 27, 1943.

Fletcher, Michael. “Juanita Jackson Mitchell: Civil Rights Leader Battled Bias in Court.”
Baltimore Sun,
July 8, 1992.

Fraser, Edna. “Courier Correspondent Finds La Baker Easy to Meet, Know.”
Pittsburgh Courier,
May 19, 1945.

“GIs Like All-Girls' Band.”
Chicago Defender,
December 15, 1945.

“Glory Gals Demonstrate Their Skill.”
Afro American,
June 20, 1942.

Hall, Chatwood. “Harlem Choir Singer Tours Red Army Camps, Hospitals to Bolster Morale.”
Chicago Defender,
December 18, 1943.

“Harlem Women Relieve Jersey Work Shortage.”
Chicago Defender,
February 17, 1945.

Haynes, S. A. “Historic Year Marks Passing of an Era.”
Afro American,
January 5, 1946.

“Highlights, Footnotes on New York's Protest Rally.”
Pittsburgh Courier,
June 27, 1942.

Hill, Herman. “AWVS Members Have Bitter Experience on Crack Train.”
Pittsburgh Courier,
October 10, 1942.

“Hit Red Cross Jim Crow of Nurses at Bond Rally.”
Chicago Defender,
March 20, 1943.

“Hotel Bars Muriel Rahn Famous Concert Artists.”
Chicago Defender
, October 3, 1942.

Hunter, Alberta. “Alberta Hunter Meets Tan Yanks Along Ledo Road.”
Afro American
, December 23, 1944.

“Ike Selected Hunter Sextet Over America's Biggest Stars.”
Afro American
, June 30, 1945.

“Jail Girl Musician in Georgia; All-Male Show Hits.”
Chicago Defender
, July 13, 1946.

“Jo Baker, Entertainer, Dies Penniless in Europe.”
Iowa Bystander
, November 19, 1942.

Jones Garrett, Lula. “Lipstick.”
Afro American,
March 31, 1945.

Jones Garrett, Lula. “Strange Fruit Fine Foil for White Supremacy Lore.”
Afro American,
March 18, 1944.

Jones, Scoop. “Soldiers Cheer as First Nurses Reach Australia.”
Pittsburgh Courier,
December 11, 1943.

“Josephine Baker Dies Penniless.”
Chicago Defender,
November 21, 1942.

“Josephine Baker Reported Dead in Morocco Following Long Illness.”
Afro American,
November 21, 1942.

“Life on Alcan Highway Described by First Race Woman to Serve There.”
Chicago Defender,
July 3, 1943.

Lopez, Jacqueline. “Nazis Talk of Wives, Children to Negro Nurses.”
Chicago Defender
, September 22, 1945.

“Many Protest WAC Band Demobilization at Fort.”
Iowa Bystander
, July 24, 1944.

“March Plans Big Parley in Chicago.”
Chicago Defender
, May 1, 1943.

McAlpin, Harry. “Howard Students Picket Jim Crow Restaurant.”
Chicago Defender
, April 24, 1943.

McCray, George. “12,000 in Chicago Voice Demands for Democracy.”
Chicago Defender
, July 4, 1942.

“McQuay-Norris Says It Won't Hire Women.”
Afro American,
August 12, 1944.

“Mercedes Welcker Writes Song for Women's Volunteer Service.”
Chicago Defender,
February 28, 1942.

“Mississippi on Another Rampage; Two 14-Year-Old Boys Lynched!!”
Chicago Defender,
October 17, 1942.

“Mixed Dancing Barred by USO.”
Chicago Defender,
November 20, 1943.