Double Victory (36 page)

rationing,
169–70

Raynor, Thelma Holman,
183

Red Ball Express,
186–87

Red Cross

blood drives,
173–75
,
192

clubmobiles,
178–79
,
186
,
188

Motor Corps,
148

overseas service,
177–79

racial discrimination,
82–83
,
151–52
,
173–75

recruitment of blacks,
177

segregation,
173–75
,
177

Red Cross Clubs

in Australia,
183
,
191

in British Columbia,
181–82

in Europe,
185–86
,
187–88

in Great Britain,
178
,
180–81
,
182
,
217–18

in India,
189

in New Guinea,
184
,
185

in North Africa,
182–83

Register and Vote campaigns,
67

restaurants,
64–65
,
129–30
,
140
,
195–96
,
214–15

restaurant sit-ins,
56–62

Rhythm and Blues
USO tour,
209–10

Rhythm Carnival
USO troupe,
211

Rice, Johnnie Mae,
213–14

Rice, Sammie M.,
118
–19,
121
,
125
,
130

Ricketts, Adele,
113–14

riots,
4

Robinson, Ellen L.,
120
,
122

Robinson, Flo,
206–7

Robinson, Mary,
82

Robinson, Rose,
135
,
136

Rogers, Edith Nourse,
88

Roosevelt, Eleanor,
55
,
69
,
85
,
178
,
231–32

Roosevelt, Franklin D.

anti-discrimination stance,
9
,
17
,
48

on entertainment,
198

Faucet and,
67
,
68

on four freedoms,
42–43

on March on Washington,
47–48

WAVES,
117

Ross, Geraldine,
186

rubber plantations,
121

Russell, Anna,
108

Russia,
222
,
225

“Salute to Colored Troops,”
197

Sandifer, Faye,
189

Schenck, Caroline,
125
,
135
,
137

school segregation,
3
,
54–55
,
235

Scott, Alivia,
18

Scott, Austin,
163

Scott, Hazel,
196–97
,
232–33

scrap drives,
141–43

segregation.
See also
racial discrimination; racism

acceptance of,
140
,
192

in airplanes,
130

in AWVS,
156
,
161–62

on buses,
55
,
75
,
142–43

in civilian defense classes,
146

in court system,
236

in housing,
115
,
201–2

Jim Crow laws,
55
,
213
,
214
,
231

in journalism,
31

in labor unions,
24

laws against,
235–36

in military,
27
,
44–45
,
73–74
,
76–77
,
79
,
87
,
140
,
204

in military bands,
228–29

in OCD,
150–51
,
152

in Red Cross,
173–75
,
177

in restaurants,
56–62
,
129–30
,
140
,
196

in schools,
3
,
54–55
,
235

of toilets,
17–18

on trains,
20
,
160

in US Army,
73–74
,
89
,
109

in USO,
166–67
,
204
,
205

in WAC/WAAC,
87–88
,
89
,
93–94
,
97–98
,
109
,
228

Selective Training and Service Act,
44

Semper Paratus, Always Ready (SPAR),
118

Sepia Swing Revue
USO tour,
205

service clubs,
97

Seventh Women's Ambulance and Nursing Corps,
164–65

sexism,
8
,
103
.
See also
gender roles

Shaw, Bertha,
82

Shaw, Ethel Popel,
170

Sherard, Corrie,
105

Shubuta, Mississippi,
39–41

Simms, Margaret,
217–19

6888th Central Postal Directory,
110
,
111–14
,
112

Smith, Alberta,
125

Smith, Betty Jane,
111

Smith, Geraldine,
82

Smith, Shermine,
60–61

social welfare agencies,
147

Southern Pacific Railways,
160

Soviet Union,
222
,
225

SPAR (Semper Paratus, Always Ready),
118

Spears, Rosa,
184

Spears, Rosemary,
183

Spragg, Venice,
34

spy activities,
219

Stallworth, Bertha,
20

Stamper, Mary,
190

Staupers, Mabel,
73–76
,
77

St. Clair, Bette,
205

Stewart, Esther,
120

Stewart, Mattie W.,
148

Stilwell Road,
134–35
,
136

Stimley, Eula Loucille,
78

St. Louis protests,
53
,
60–62

Stop the Killing Campaign,
236

Strange Fruit
(Garrett),
32

“Strange Fruit” (Meeropol),
39

Sublett, Marie,
102–3

Sublett, Robert,
102–3

Sugar Hill neighborhood,
201–2

Taylor, Dorcas,
131

Taylor, Rebecca Stiles,
34

Ten Percenters,
88

Terry, Jessie L.,
145

“These Versatile Women” (Garrett),
32

Thomas, Lillian,
208

Thomas, Sarah,
120

Thompson, Vora,
60–61

Thornton, Modestine Crute,
60

335th Station Hospital,
135–36

Three Rhythm Rascals,
210

Three Shades of Rhythm,
205–6

Tiny Tots Checking Room,
166

Tovalou-Houenou, Kojo Marc,
226

Townscent, Elcena,
125
,
128

training programs, government,
9–10
,
11

Trent, Estelle,
186

Truman, Bess,
233

Truman, Harry,
232–33

tuberculosis wards,
79

Turner, Effie Mae,
13

Turner, Helen,
78

Turner, Jessie,
231

Tuskegee Institute,
29
,
75

United Domestic Workers' Union,
24–25

United States Employment Service (USES),
14–15

University of Maryland,
2–3

US Army,
74
,
82
.
See also
Army Nurse Corps

US Army Air Corps,
28

US Army Air Forces,
29

US Navy,
14
,
44
,
73
,
77–78
,
116–17

USO (United Service Organizations),
165–68

USO clubs,
165–68

USO tours,
205–12
,
215–17

USS
James Parker
,
119

Vaughan, Evelyn G.,
187

Vinson, Rosemary,
125
,
135
,
136–37

volunteering, reasons for,
143
,
145
,
192–93

voting rights,
2

WAAC (Women's Army Auxiliary Corps),
104
,
106
,
107

admittance of blacks,
70–71

auxiliaries,
100–103

basic training,
93–98

field assignments,
103–8

gender discrimination,
103

graduation ceremonies,
99–100

military benefits,
108–9

officer candidate training,
88–89
,
92–93
,
95

pressure to perform,
95–96
,
105

racial discrimination,
89
,
100

recruitment efforts,
71
,
89–93

segregation in,
87–88
,
89
,
93–94
,
97–98

specialist training,
101
,
103

WAC (Women's Army Corps)

military benefits,
108–9

neighborhood associations,
114–16

news articles,
32

overseas service,
109–14

segregation,
109
,
228–29

WAC Bands,
227–29

WADCA (Women's Ambulance Defense Corps of America),
155

Wade, Ruth,
106

wages,
7
,
10–11
,
25–26
,
85

Walowitz, Shirley,
59

WAND (Women's Army for National Defense),
162–65

war bonds,
147
,
148–49
,
197–98
,
201
,
229

Ward, Henrine,
177–78
,
180
,
193

War Emergency Volunteer Services (WEVS),
155–56

war industry,
5
,
9
,
43–44
,
48
.
See also
defense plants

War Manpower Commission,
7

War's Greatest Scandal, The
(Myers),
50

war workers.
See
aviation industry; factory workers; journalists

Washington Post
,
237–38

Waters, Virgie,
66

Watkins, Doshia,
135

WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service),
116–17

WDCA (Women's Defense Corps of America),
153–55

We Are Americans protest,
53–54

Webb, Idell,
122–23
,
130

Weir, Vernice,
105

Welcker-Jordan, Mercedes,
106
,
157–58

Wells, Clara,
183
,
184

“We're the WAACs” (Welcker-Jordan),
106

Western Electric Company,
17–18

WEVS (War Emergency Volunteer Services),
155–56

Wheeler, Doc,
207

Wheeler, Eva,
135

Wheeler, Ruth Mattie,
60–61

White, Eva,
153
,
193

Wickliffe, Marjorie,
162–63

Wiggins, Edgar,
211

Wilkins, Roy,
41

Williams, Alexander (Jake),
37

Williams, Rosetta,
207

Wills, Frances,
117

Winburn, Anna Mae,
212–17

WINGS (Women in Ground Service),
10

“Win the War” bond rally,
197

Wise, Ethyl,
207

WLA (Women's Land Army),
172

Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES),
116–17

Women in Ground Service (WINGS),
10

“Women in the National Picture” (Spragg),
34

Women Ordnance Workers (WOW),
10

“Women Power in War” (Briggs),
34

Women's Ambulance Defense Corps of America (WADCA),
155

Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC).
See
WAAC

Women's Army Corps (WAC).
See
WAC

Women's Army for National Defense (WAND),
162–65

Women's Bureau of the US Department of Labor bulletin,
37–38

Women's Defense Corps of America (WDCA),
153–55

Women's Division for the Sale of War Bonds,
147

Women's Land Army (WLA),
172

Women's Motor Corps,
147

Woods, Esther,
35

Wool Conservation Program,
148

Works Progress Administration (WPA),
27
,
67

WOW (Women Ordnance Workers),
10

Wright, Cora,
116–17

Wrights, Eleanor,
59

Young, Rosalie,
208

YWCA,
23

Zhukov, Gregori,
210–11

Zurita, Juan,
159