Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World (119 page)

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The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific passage, please use the search feature of your e-book reader.

Language, family and dialect names are marked in bold. Literary titles are marked with italics, with the author’s name in parentheses.

A description of Ceylon
(Cordiner) 389

A Key into the Language of America
(Williams) 481, 484

Aachen 316-317

’Abd el Malik, Caliph 97

’Abdul Qasim ‘Unsuri, Persian poet 110

Abu Nawas, Persian poet 98

Abu Zayd of Siraf 103
n

Académie Française 409

Acadians 414
n

Acehnese
208

Achaean dialect of Greek
236

Achaeans 240

Achaemenids, ruling house of the Persian empire 98

Aché Pyvé
361

Acosta, Joseph de, Spanish historian 337

Adad-niršri, king of Assyria 64

Adams, Will, British samurai 388

Advancement of Learning
(Bacon) 328

Aegean 264, 267

Aeolic dialect of Greek
236, 237
n

Afghanistan 39, 4748, 85, 96, 99, 101, 108, 212, 245, 257, 269, 536

Africa 12, 45, 111, 391, 527

demographics 530

and
English
507

French empire 417-419, 444, 490

German colonies 448

second-language speakers 515

Afrikaans
399, 444, 507

Afro-Asiatic languages
36, 90, 97, 102, 122, 554

Agbatana 43

Aguilar, Jerónimo de, Spanish interpreter 342

Ahiqar, Aramaean sage 38, 83

Ahiram, king of Byblos 72

Akhetaten 62

Akkadian

Amama correspondence 62, 128

and Assyria 13, 21, 79, 129

as classical language 68

as model of literacy 58-68, 512

bilingualism with
Sumerian
51, 53-57, 111, 163

influence 80, 517

lingua franca 61-62, 65, 67-68, 128-129

literature 30-33

origin of name 60

range of language 59

related to
Arabic
93, 110, 112

Semitic language 35, 35
n
, 36-37, 40-44

written form 11
n
, 33, 46, 49-50, 512

see also
writing, cuneiform

Akhenaten, Pharaoh 125-126

Al-Jahiz 98

Al-Muqaddasi, Arab geographer 98

Alalah 62

Alans 305, 307, 308, 425

Alcuin, English scholar 316-318, 328

Aleksandr I, Tsar 431, 433, 438

Aleksey, Tsar 431

Aleppo 41

Alexander the Great 12, 30, 48, 57, 75-76, 85-86, 131, 165, 191, 219, 239, 243-245, 248, 250, 257, 276, 278

Alexander VI, Pope 336, 365

Alexander’s Campaign
(Arrian) 272

Alexandria in Egypt 48, 86, 130, 131, 247-249, 259

Alexandria of the Arachosians 246

Alfonso X of Castile, king 384

Algeria 411-412, 416-418, 444, 520

Algonquian languages
477
n
, 483
n
, 484

Almoravids 99, 384

Alopen, Nestorian monk 90

Alphabet

abstract tool 46

Brahmi 85
n
, 156

Cyrillic 442, 443
n

first 34, 72
n
, 110, 155

Kharoshthi 85
n

Greek 242

Lugano 284-285

Roman 242, 476

runic 106

Siddha 156

see also
writing

Altaic languages
138, 145, 146, 150, 151, 170

characteristics 138, 145

Altan Khan 179

Amadís de Gaula
331

Amama correspondence 62, 128

Amenophis III, pharaoh 231
n

Americana, world enthusiasm for 179

Americas

bilingualism 346, 367, 376

Council of Lima 373

English
-speaking communities 480-481

European colonies 482

Hispanización
373-377

indigenous languages 347-355, 356-360, 361-364, 366-375, 480-484

language-learning 345-346

loss of population 22, 336-338, 365

missionary linguists 346-347, 364, 368, 371, 373-375, 392-394, 481
n
, 499
n
, 509, 519, 537, 540
n

political independence 375

and
Portuguese
391-395

spread of
Spanish
340, 343, 347, 364-373, 376, 444, 495

Amharic
36, 92

Amish community 92

Ammonite 70

Amorite
60
n

Amorites 35
n
, 40, 42, 53, 60, 111, 164

Anacharsis, Scythian sage 243

Anáhuac, town in north-eastern Mexico 344

Anatolia 38, 42, 43
n
, 47-48, 65, 71, 83-84, 86, 106, 153, 247, 249, 250, 260, 260
n
, 262, 263-265

incursions by Gauls 293-294, 314

and Russia 434

Sultanate of Rum 263

Turkish advances 264, 266

Andalūs, el-
see
Spain

Andalusi dialect of Arabic
99

Andalusia 332

Anderson, Benedict 400
n
, 557

Angevin dynasty 460
n
, 463, 465-466

Anglesey 302, 313

Anglo-Dutch war 493

Anglo-Norman
460
n
, 461-465
see also

Norman French

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 461

Annales Cambriae
313

Annals of Ulster
313

Anshan 56-58

Antialkidas, king 192, 247

Antioch 90, 247, 250
n

Antiochus Soter, king 68

Apollinaris, Sidonius 300

Apollonius of Tyana 258

Aquitanians 301

Arabia 101, 102, 121, 209

Arabic
20-22, 35, 38, 49, 78, 88
n
, 93-105, 335, 527
n

Andalusi dialect
99

bilingualism 97-100, 163

demographics 527
n
, 530

diglossia 98

Language Teaching 521

Maghrebi dialect
78
n

phonetic distinctions 108

pronunciation 69
n
, 94