Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World (123 page)

foundation 24, 24
n

grammar 475-476

Language Teaching (ELT) 513, 521, 554

and
Latin
301-304, 310-311, 461, 464, 467, 474
n

Law French
468
n

Middle English
66
n
, 125

(Norman) French
458-461, 464, 465-468, 517

Norse
314, 447
n
, 468

Old English
314
n
, 475

parallels to 476-477

pirates and planters 478-480

possible futures 541-549

pronunciation 425
n
, 474-476

Provisions of Oxford 466

Received Pronunciation 514

second-language speakers 515-516, 575
n
63, 576
n
3

spread of 275, 331, 456-458, 477-495, 505-510, 527-528

standard 468-473, 474

Statute of Kilkenny 464-465

Statute of Pleading 467

UK regional dialects
514
n

vernacular literature 461

world language 7, 13, 20, 103, 179, 378, 380, 476, 510-517, 525-533

English as a Global Language (Crystal)
543

Enheduanna, princess of Agade and poetess in Sumerian, 51, 60

Enlightenment era 374-375, 394
n
, 448

Ennius, Quintus, Latin poet, 17, 252, 280, 299, 330
n

Enuma eliš
, Babylonian creation epic 61

Ephorus, Greek historian 276

Epidemics 336-338, 506

degrees of immunity 22-24, 313

Epigrams
(Martial) 523

Erasmus, Desiderius, Dutch humanist 329

Eritrea 36

Esarhaddon, king 83

Esperanto
171

Estonia 432-433, 443, 445

Ethiopia 36, 80, 92, 387

Ethiopian
(language of Kush) 131

Ethnologue
412
n
, 576
n
2

Etruscans 45, 241-242, 285
n
, 290

Euclid, Greek mathematician, 182

Euphrates 39, 40
n

Euripides, Greek dramatist, 254
n
, 258, 271

Europe 46, 273, 314

cultural change 275

Dante’s linguistic picture 320

global empires 380

language distribution 274-275, 331

Muslim invasion 306

spread of printing 326-327, 472-473, 540

European Union 19
n
, 515-516

Eusebius, Church historian 256

Excerpta
(Nennius) 311

Exploits of Ninurta
55, 57-58

Fa-Xian, Chinese pilgrim 159, 193, 201, 207

Fadeyev, Rostislav, Russian general 434

Faliscan
242

Fars 43, 56

Farsi
see
Persia, language

Fatimid dynasty 100

Felipe (Philip) II, king of Spain 100, 340, 367

Felipillo, Peruvian interpreter 342-343

Fenni 280

Feringhee 497

Fertility
see
Population growth

Filipino
see
Tagalog

Finland 423, 432, 433

Firth, J.R., British linguist 20-21

Folangji
(Europeans) 148

Forjando Patria
(Gamío) 375

Fotudeng, Buddhist monk 139

France 12

and Catholicism 408, 415, 416
n

colonies 415-416, 478, 482, 486, 519-520

culture 407, 409-410, 511, 514, 520

enclaves in the Holy Land 408

first empire 411-416

Nouvelle-France 412-414, 486, 492-495

population growth 407, 409

Revolution 416

second empire 416-421

varieties of
Romance languages
405

France, Anatole, French writer 403

François I, king of France 326, 404, 519

Franks 20, 275, 306-307, 316, 400, 404, 457

Free enterprise 339, 457-458, 479, 481-482, 496, 513, 519, 550

Freedom of speech 549-550

French
179, 300, 331, 405-406, 472

colonizing language 325
n
, 380, 400, 411-414, 446, 528-533

Creole
415-416

and diplomacy 410-411

in Europe 404-411

La francophonie
403, 420-421, 532, 535, 540

Norman French
458-461, 464, 465-468
see also
Anglo-Norman

Ordinance of Villers-Cotterěts 404, 409

retreat of 407
n

Romance language 404-405, 529

typography 472

French Equatorial Africa 418

French Guiana 416

French West Africa 418

Friedrich II 337

Friesland 313, 456

Funan 204, 217

Gabriel II, Orthodox Patriarch 92

Gadsden Purchase 574
n
17

Gaelic
see
Irish

Galatians 293-294

Galicia (west of Ukraine) 432

Galician language of Spain
332, 382, 384

Galilee 86-87

Gallo-Greek 287, 293-294

Gama, Vasco de, Portuguese mariner 385

Gambia 508

Gamío, M., Mexican patriot 375

Gandhara 85

Garcilaso, Inca
see
Vega, Garcilaso de la

Gaspirali (Gasprinsky), Ismail Bey 440-441

Gaulish 24
n
, 274, 282, 285-288, 289-295, 299, 301-304, 404

Gallo-Roman inscriptions 287

Gauls 183, 241, 243, 276

end of Roman empire 305-307

incursions 292-293

Roman conquest 301-302, 556

spread of Latin 304

see also
Celts

Ge’ez
36, 92, 255

Genghis (Chinggiz) Khan, Mongol conqueror 106, 142, 151, 425, 555

Geoffrey of Monmouth, British chronicler 459
n

Georgia (Russia) 433-435, 442

Georgians 50

Gepids 310

Germania
(Tacitus) 273, 277, 280, 288

Germanic languages
273, 277
n
, 278, 289
n
, 307, 314, 318, 320
n
, 400, 475

have not often spread 306-308, 400, 447

Germanic invasions 304-309

German
317, 446-449, 472-473, 573
n
13

colonizing language 325
n
, 492
n

Low German
312

world language 404
n
, 528-529, 531

Germany 12, 274, 277-278

book-publishing 326, 412-413

colonies 448, 508

and North America 492

Ghana 508

Gibson, Henry, US comedian 541

Gilbert, Humphrey, English entrepreneur 482

Gildas, British chronicler 311

Gilgamesh Epic 61

Global navigation 538-541

Gnostic sect 90
n

Goidelic languages
291

Gök-Tepe
(Dostoyevsky) 421-422

Gold 1, 51, 58, 61, 127, 158, 160, 201, 227, 272, 293, 349, 350, 357, 382, 392, 394, 398, 426, 480, 482, 495, 511, 548

Golden Horde 106, 426-427

Gold rush (Brazil) 394, (California) 495, 574
n
28

Gone with the Wind
(Mitchell) 490

Gothic
20, 22, 307

Goths 261, 400, 457

Graddol, David 515, 516
n
, 544
n

Graeco-Roman 191, 293

Gramalica de la lengua castellana
(Nebrija) 331

Grammatica Germanicae linguae
(Clajus) 573
n
13

Granada 99, 332-333

Grant, Charles, British reformer 501

Greece 39, 40
n

and barbarians 230, 232, 241
n
, 279, 423

Christian Orthodoxy 264, 269-270

civilisation 233, 268, 520

coins 246-247, 249, 258

colonies 239-243, 245-247