Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World (124 page)

culture 233, 235-238, 241-242, 245, 248, 250-254, 257, 266-268, 271, 298

decline/revival 257-263. 265-266, 267-268, 300, 328

emigration 262-263

fascination with Rome 278-279

Héllēnes
231

Hellēnikón
232

Hellenisation 245, 247-249

influence 229, 232-233, 241-242, 298-299

Olympic games 232

Roman rule 252

Slav incursions 261-262, 264, 309, 314

trade 242

Turkish domination 264-266

see also
Alexander the Great

Greek
12, 20-22, 24
n
, 48, 49, 53, 71, 111, 120, 122, 179, 227-229, 234-238, 241, 248, 264-265, 269-270, 320
n
, 328, 555

alphabet 156, 242, 251

and
Arabic
96-97

Attic dialect
229-230

bilingualism 246, 249, 251-252, 258

borrowing words 269-270

characteristics 234-238

classification by Scaliger 277
n

dialects 232, 235-237

and Egypt 129-134, 164-166

Gaulish
inscriptions 286-287

grammar 180, 182, 235, 238
n
, 476

inscriptions 83-84, 240, 242, 247, 249, 258

literary heritage 254-257, 575
n
48

New Testament 87

and Queen Cleopatra 131
n

and
Sanskrit
190-192

scripts 173, 241

spread of 76-78, 86, 96, 108, 229-230, 238, 239-254, 490

world language 229-230

Gregory of Tours, Frankish historian 315

Grijalva, Juan de, Spanish explorer 348, 349

Guadeloupe 415

Guangzhou (Canton) 159-160, 334

Guaraní
349, 361-364, 370-371, 376, 393

Guatemala 183, 337, 339, 372

Gubla
see
Byblos

Gudea of Lagash 58

Gurkhali 176

Guru Granth Sahib
216

Gutenberg, Johannes, German printing pioneer 326

Guugu Yimidhirr
4

Habiru
42, 70, 111

Habsburg dynasty 448

Haite 4151

Hakka dialect of Chinese
147

Hakluyt, Richard, English publicist 479

Ham 35
n

Hamadan 43

Hamito-Semitic languages
36, 97, 122

Hammurabi, king of Babylonia 53, 61

Hàn dynasty 118, 138, 140, 169

Hangzhou 151

Hannibal, Carthaginian general 77, 252, 294

Hanno, Carthaginian explorer 75

Harūn al-Rashid, Caliph 98

Hasmonaean kingdom 248

Hastings, Warren, governor-general of Bengal 497

Hatshepsut, female pharaoh 151
n

Hattic
41, 41
n

Hattusas 41, 61-62

Hausa
36, 97
n
, 101, 102
n
, 527
n
, 530

Hawaii 509-510

Hebrew
78-80, 93, 335, 520
n
, 537

and
Arabic
110-111

archaeological finds 32

copied texts 78

deportations 65, 79-80

gematria
tradition 217

grammar 68
n

Greek
texts 248

language survival 80
n
, 90, 93, 110, 217

linguistic unity 20

liturgical use 248

people (Jews) 42, 44, 164, 166, 247, 537

pronunciation 68
n
, 70, 73

and Queen Cleopatra 131

relative/similar languages 35
n
, 50, 60
n
, 70

scriptures

2 Kings
65

Daniel
82

Esther
81

Ezekiel
68
n
, 73-74

Ezra
80
n
, 82

Genesis
58, 73

Isaiah
79

Jeremiah
81, 84

Nehemiah
80
n

Psalms
80

Heliodorus, Greek ambassador 192, 247

Heliopolis 127

Hélou, Charles 420

Helvetii 286, 293

Henry II, English king 460
n
, 464

Henry the Navigator, Portuguese prince 382, 385

Henry VIII, English king 465, 478

Heraclitus, philosopher 234

Heraclius, emperor 260-261

Hernández de Córdoba, Francisco, Spanish conquistador 348, 349

Herodotus 31, 130
n
, 228, 232, 243, 276, 335

Hesiod 182, 236

Hezekiah, king of Judah 78-79

hieroglyphs
see
writing

Higden, Ranulph, English chronicler 467

Hildebrandslied
273

Hindi
177-178, 223, 528-530, 536;
see also
Urdu

Hinduism 21, 175, 178-180, 196, 198, 199, 202, 206, 207, 209, 214, 217, 220-221, 225, 504

Hispaniola 337-338, 343, 346
n

Hispanización
373-377

Historia Chichimeca
(Ixtilxóchitl) 344

Historia Francorum
(Gregory of Tours) 315

Hittite
24
n
, 31, 33, 39, 41, 44, 46, 50, 62, 67, 84, 196, 514

Hmong
134, 141

Hokusai, Katsushika, Japanese artist 22

Holy Roman Empire 411, 447-448

Homer, Greek poet 44
n
, 231-232, 236, 237
n
, 251, 474
n

Hong Kong 149, 507

Horace, Roman poet 250

Hossein Khan, Sied Gholam, Mughal historian 496

Huastec
346, 355

Huguenots 409, 412

Hūna 106

Hungarian 309
n

Hunni 106, 139
n

Huns, invasions by 261, 306, 309, 555

Huron
412
n

Hurrian
33, 39, 41, 50, 62, 196

Hyksos kings 119, 164

I will Praise the Lord of Wisdom
30

Iamblikhos, Greek novelist 68
n

Iamhad (Aleppo) 41

Iberia 45, 99, 290, 299, 301, 307, 382

Ibn Hauqal, Arabic historian 98

Ibn Khaldūn, Arabic travel writer 100

Ibn Wahab, Arab visitor to China 158

Iceland 314, 447
n

Ika
363

Iliad
44
n
, 231, 236

Immigration
see
Population movement

Imperial languages

reasons for spread 380-381, 446, 576
n
70

reasons for survival 444 446

Inanna 49, 51-52, 55

Incas 12, 21, 338, 342-343, 344-345, 348, 356-357, 360, 372-373, 377

Index Librorum Prohibitorum
326

India 34, 38

Arabic
101

bilingualism 497

and Britain/
English
12, 19, 108, 187, 223-225, 496-505 and China 147, 159, 192-194, 506

civilisation 202-207, 222-226

culture 179, 180

demographics 530

Devanāgari script 223

English education 499-505

French colonies 416

and
Greek
190-192

Greek campaigns 245

modern Aryan languages
177

Muslim invasions 212-213, 222

Persian language
99, 108, 187, 223, 497, 503 and Portuguese trade 334, 391, 399, 497

Protestantism 499-504

spread of English 503-505; second-language speakers 515

trade 199-207, 536

see also
Sanskrit

Indian Ocean 416-417, 419, 446

Indic scripts 85
n
, 156, 202-203, 211-212, 223, 246

Indiká
(Megasthenes) 191

Indo-Aryan languages
41, 196

Indo-China 178, 203, 206, 207, 215-216, 380, 400, 413, 417-419, 520