Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World (129 page)

Pyrrhus, Greek king 251

Qatna 41

Qín dynasty 118, 137-138, 140

Qīng dynasty 121, 144, 148, 149

Quechua
21, 342, 344-346, 355-360, 363, 369, 372-373, 444, 519, 521
n
, 557

Queensland 80

Quiller-Couch, Sir Arthur 474
n

Qum 98

Quôc-ngu (’National Language’, Vietnamese romanized script) 414
n

Qur’ān
94, 97
n
, 98, 216, 521

Quti/Qutium 40, 43

Racine, Jean, French dramatist 410

Raffles, Stamford, British developer 399, 402, 506

Rājaśekhara, Sanskrit poet 189

Rajasinha II, Ceylonese emperor 388

Ralegh, Sir Walter, English adventurer 477
n
, 479

Rāmāyana
(Valmīki) 176, 184, 198

Ramses II, pharaoh 126

Ramses III, pharaoh 127

Reclus, Onésime 404
n

Reconquista
(Christian reconquest of Spain) 99

Reformation 367, 407, 409, 412, 447, 517

Religion 21-22, 24, 25, 86-93, 94-96, 126

Renaissance 265, 409, 544

Rhodes, Alexandre de, French missionary 413, 414
n

’Rich trades’ 397

Richard II, English king 468

Richard II
(Shakespeare) 477

Richelieu, Cardinal, French statesman 409, 410, 412

Rivarol, Antoine de, French writer 410
n

Roanoke, English colony 477, 487

Roderik, Visigothic king 99

Rolfe, John, British tobacco entrepreneur 481

Roman de Rou
(Wace) 458-459

Roman empire 20, 76, 96, 101
n
, 111, 121, 140, 150, 164-167, 245

alphabet 242

boundary
(liabar;mes)
277, 297

collapse in the West 305

conquests 275

expansion 251, 293

Fourth Crusade 263, 270

and
Greek
250-254, 255, 269

immigration 275

see also
Latin

Roman republic 278-279, 297

Romance languages
20, 98, 99, 175, 304, 307, 310, 314, 317-321, 325, 382, 405, 407, 460, 519, 526
Romanian
291
n
, 309

Romanov dynasty 431

Romantic movement 266, 448

Romans 45, 48, 71, 295-299

Rome

expansion westward 296

and
Greek
298

and
Latin
298, 300

sack of 293

Rosenblat, Angel 373

Rosetta Stone 165
n

Roux, Georges, French assyrologist 63

Roy, Ram Mohan, Indian intellectual 502, 510

Royal Asiatic Society 185

Rushdie, Salman, Indian writer in English 577
n
7

Russia 106

and China 427

expansion

Cossack invasions 427-428

east and west 427-432

immigration 423, 433, 435

Korean population 423
n

of Muscovy 428, 430

Russia
(cont.)

north and south 432-437

origins 422
n
, 423-427

and French culture 410-411

Holy Synod Act 435

and Japan 433, 452

’literary languages’ 442

Muslim populations 434-435, 439

Russian
24
n
, 108, 421
n
, 422, 431, 433, 520, 528-529, 531

army’s linguistic unity 438-439

bilingualism 440

colonizing language 325
n
, 427, 434, 437, 446

Cyrillic alphabet 442

ideological language 444

literature 439-440

mass literacy 441-442

missionaries 429

orthography 442

poor prospects 444-446

Soviet policy 441-444

status 437-441

Soviet Union 441-444

Russian Academy 439

Russian Bible Society, Imperial 438

Russian Orthodox Church 423, 425, 434, 437-438

Russo-Japanese War 452

Rwanda 105

Sabah 505

Saddam Hussein, Iraqi dictator 35

Sahagún, Fray Bernardo de, Spanish friar 368

Sahidic dialect of Coptic
92

St Thomas Christians 88

Sais 130, 151, 165

šaka
43, 48

šaka era dating system 219
n

šaka-Khotanese
108

Sale, Kirkpatrick 335
n
, 336
n

Samaria 56, 65

Samaritan Christians 87

Samarkand 21, 93, 106, 108, 437

San
22

Sanchuniathon of Beirut, Phoenician mythographer 72-73

Sanskrit
20, 21, 24
n
, 92, 174-176, 238

in Central and East Asia 207-213

Buddhist Hybrid dialect
190

chants
145
n

characteristics 180-185, 194, 205

charm of 214-218

and
Chinese
192-194, 209

dialects 175, 189

disadvantages 218-222

in drama 188

and
Greek
190-192

in India 185-190, 195-199

liturgical 175-176, 178-179, 185, 208, 225, 238, 520, 536

Prakrit
175, 178, 185, 187-188, 190, 192, 214, 218-219, 223, 246-247

pronunciation 157, 174
n
, 217

and religion 189-190, 192

scripts 174
n
, 194, 202, 206, 209, 211

in South-East Asia 4, 21, 159, 162, 199-207

speaker populations 12

spread of 141, 176-179, 195-199, 214, 219, 238

supplanted 212-213, 574
n
38

survival of 222-226

sutras 181-183

Vedic
/Vedas 43, 175, 180-181, 185, 197, 206, 209, 220

vocabulary 183-184

written text 183, 194, 209

Śāntarak⋅ita, Buddhist monk 178

Santo Tomás, Fray Domingo, Spanish friar 334, 356

Saqqara 81

Sarawak 505

Sardinia 45, 71, 76

Sargon I, king of Agade 35, 37, 40, 51, 60

Sargon II, king of Assyria 65

Sassanid dynasty 96, 98, 108, 259, 260

Satavahana, Indian king 189
n

Satire on Trades
156

Śaurasenī
188

Saxon, Germanic language
307

Saxon England 312, 460

invasions 304-305, 310-314

Scaliger, Joseph Justus, Dutch philologist 277
n

Scandinavia 19, 313, 516

Schiller, Friedrich, German dramatist 446, 448

Schloezer, A.L., German philologist 35
n

Scotland 447
n
, 463-464, 518

scribes 67, 82, 155-156

Scyles, Scythian Hellenophile 243

Scythian
48, 108, 186

Scythians 43, 186, 219, 241, 243, 246, 257, 276, 335

Secret History of the Mongols
145

Seleuceia on the Eulaeus 258, 561,
see also
Susa

Seleuceia on the Tigris 258, 561

Seleucid dynasty 55, 108, 190, 191, 247, 248-249, 257, 258, 293

Seljuk dynasty 21, 101, 106, 263, 265

Semitic languages
35, 36-38, 40, 41, 43, 47, 60-62, 65, 70, 72
n
, 78, 93, 110-111, 122, 129, 250, 292, 517

1-10 in
Akkadian, Aramaic and Arabic
37
n
, 38

characteristics 35-37

Senghor, Léopold, Senegalese president 420

Sennacherib, king of Assyria 50, 65, 83

Septuagint Bible
248

Sequoya, Cherokee 154

Serbia 262

Serbo-Croat
97
n

Serbs 430
n

Seti I, pharaoh 126

Severus, Sulpicius, Roman historian 300