Freedom's Forge (59 page)

35
. Walton,
Miracle of World War II
, 310–11.

36
. Nevins,
Ford: Decline and Rebirth
, 218.

37
. Craven and Cate, Vol. 6,
Men and Planes
, 329.

38
. Nevins,
Ford: Decline and Rebirth
, 223.

39
. Rae,
Climb to Greatness
, 148–49; Wolf,
Big Dams
, 158–59.

40
. Craven and Cate, Vol. 6,
Men and Planes
, 337.

41
. Martin Middlebrook,
Convoy
(New York: William Morrow, 1976), 50–52; Dan van der Vat,
The Atlantic Campaign: World War II’s Great Struggle at Sea
(New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 304–6, 326.

  1
. Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins
, 727.

  2
. Quoted in John Ohly,
Industrialists in Olive Drab: The Emergency Operation of Private Industry During World War II
(Washington, DC: Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 2000), 58.

  3
. H. G. Nicholas, ed.,
Washington Dispatches, 1941–1945: Weekly Political Reports from the British Embassy
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), 209.

  4
. Phillips,
The 1940s
, 169.

  5
.
American Machinist
, July 6, 1944, 16–17.

  6
. Gropman,
The Big
“L,” 86–91.

  7
. Harrison, “Resource Mobilization for World War II,” 184.

  8
. Walton,
Miracle of World War II
, 401–3.

  9
. Farber,
Sloan Rules
, 232–33.

10
. General Motors Annual Report 1945, 9; Farber,
Sloan Rules
, 233.

11
. General Motors Corp.,
A History of Eastern Aircraft Division
(n.p., 1944).

12
. Walton,
Miracle of World War II
, 448.

13
.
Fortune
, November 1943, 150–54; Walton,
Miracle of World War II
, 448–50.

14
.
American Machinist
, December 10, 1941, 1430.

15
.
Business Week
, May 10, 1941, 17.

16
.
Time
, November 16, 1942, 21.

17
. Barbara Forgy Schock, “The Prairie Shipyard,”
www.thezephyr.com
.

18
. Walton,
Miracle of World War II
, 469.

19
. Roger Franklin,
The Defender: The Story of General Dynamics
(New York: Harper and Row, 1986), 92–93.

20
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 357.

21
. Knudsen Papers: 1942 tour notes, quoted in Beasley,
Knudsen
, 360.

22
. Knudsen Papers: 1942 tour notes, quoted in Beasley,
Knudsen
, 360–61.

23
. Hagley Museum, National Association of Manufacturing Collection; J. A. Hartley, “The Public’s View of War and Profits,” NAM pamphlet, May 1942, 3.

24
. Walton,
Miracle of World War II
, 537.

25
.
Business Week
, March 15, 1941, 38–42.

26
. Leo Cherne,
Your Business Goes to War
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1942).

27
. Cherne,
Your Business Goes to War
, 50–53.

28
. Robert Connery,
The Navy and Industrial Mobilization in World War II
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1951), 271–75.

29
. Walton,
Miracle of World War II
, 555.

30
.
Time
, March 23, 1943.

31
. National Archives, Image No. 80 G349504, reprinted on Hobbs and Pacific Hut site,
historylink.com
.

32
. Walton,
Miracle of World War II
, 555.

33
. Blum,
V Was for Victory
.

34
. Michael Barone,
Our Country: The Shaping of America from Roosevelt to Reagan
(New York: Free Press, 1990), 154; Harold Vatter,
The U.S. Economy in World War II
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 51.

35
. Vatter,
U.S. Economy
, 54–55.

36
. Donald L. Losman, Irene Kyriakopoulos, and J. Dawson Ahalt, “Economics of America’s World War II Mobilization,” in Gropman,
The Big
“L,” 188.

37
. See Gregory Fossedal,
Our Finest Hour: Will Clayton, the Marshall Plan, and the Triumph of Democracy
(Stamford, CT: Hoover Institution Press, 1993), 124–26.

38
. Barone,
Our Country
, 154.

39
. Goodwin,
No Ordinary Time
, 249.

40
. Quoted in Blum,
V Was for Victory
, 186.

41
. Barone,
Our Country
, 160.

42
. Clay Bedford Jr., interview, October 13, 2010.

43
. HAER, Richmond Shipyard No. 3, 163.

44
. Blum,
V Was for Victory
, 191.

45
. Clive,
State of War
, 171–73.

46
. Blum,
V Was for Victory
, 201.

47
. Quoted in Blum,
V Was for Victory
, 203.

48
. Walton,
Miracle of World War II
, 374.

49
.
American Machinist
, June 11, 1941, 51–52;
Business Week
, March 15, 1941, 76.

50
. Walton,
Miracle of World War II
, 380.

51
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 354.

52
. Walton,
Miracle of World War II;
HAER, 159.

53
.
Life
, June 5, 1944, 74–79.

54
. Emily Yellin,
Our Mothers’ War: American Women at Home and at the Front During World War II
(New York: Free Press, 2007).

55
. Clawson,
Shipyard Diary
, 5–6.

56
. Clawson,
Shipyard Diary
, 6.

57
. Clawson,
Shipyard Diary
, 89.

58
. Clawson,
Shipyard Diary
, 91–92.

59
. Roger Lotchin,
The Bad City in the Good War
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003), 139.

60
. Effie Walling interview, in Lotchin,
The Bad City
, 80.

61
. Katie Grant, “Wartime Memories” Rosie the Riveter Trust,
www.rosietheriveter.org/memory.htm
.

  1
. Foster,
Kaiser
, 117.

  2
. Kaiser Papers: Nellie Bent to Kaiser, June 29, 1943, Carton 18.

  3
. Lane,
Ships for Victory
, 612.

  4
. Lane,
Ships for Victory
, 612;
United States Naval Vessels
(Division of Naval Intelligence, 1946; Schiffer, 1996) 47–48.

  5
. Lane,
Ships for Victory
, 610.

  6
. Heiner,
Kaiser
, 145.

  7
. Lane,
Ships for Victory
, 611.

  8
. Heiner,
Kaiser
, 145.

  9
. Lane,
Ships for Victory
, 612–13.

10
. Heiner,
Kaiser
, 175.

11
. Heiner,
Kaiser
, 146.

12
. Lane,
Ships for Victory
, 613.

13
. Carl Abbott,
Greater Portland: Urban Life and Landscape in the Pacfic Northwest
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001), 43.

14
. See (
Oregon Historical Quarterly
91, Fall 1990, quoted in Abbott,
Greater Portland
, 44–45.

15
. Lane,
Ships for Victory;
Heiner,
Kaiser
, 146.

16
.
New York Times
, April 3, 1943.

17
. Foster,
Kaiser
, 76–77.

18
. Sawyer and Mitchell,
Liberty Ships
, 114–15.

19
. Kaiser Papers: Stephen D. Bechtel to Kaiser, August 17, 1942, Carton 13.

20
. Foster,
Kaiser
, 120–22.

21
. Lane,
Ships for Victory
, 544–45.

22
.
Journal of Commerce
, February 1, 1943, 18.

23
. Lane,
Ships for Victory
, 547–48.

24
. Heiner,
Kaiser
, 128.

25
. U.S. Senate, Truman Committee hearings, Part 18, March 25, 1943/7350.

26
.
Washington Post
, March 26, 1943.

27
. Lane,
Ships for Victory
, 553.

28
. Lane,
Ships for Victory
, 554.

29
. Lane,
Ships for Victory
, 55.

30
. Adams,
Mr. Kaiser Goes to Washington
, 72.

31
. George Spangenberg, oral history interview, 1990,
www.georgespangenberg.com
, Oral History as PDF File, 75.

32
. Winchester, ed.,
U.S. Military Aircraft
, 136–37.

33
.
Time
, July 27, 1942, 71.

34
. Heiner,
Kaiser
, 157.

35
. Kaiser Papers: handwritten draft of testimony on Hughes case, 7.

36
. Foster,
Kaiser
, 182–83.

37
. Heiner,
Kaiser
, 159.

38
. Kaiser Papers: Kaiser statement on Howard Hughes, 7, Carton 127, Folder 35.

39
. Foster,
Kaiser
, 183.

40
. WPB Papers, Ed Bern to Donald Nelson, August 30, 1943, quoted in Foster,
Kaiser
, 184.

41
.
Fortune
, September 1942, 184.

42
. Spangenberg oral history interview, 76.

43
. Kaiser Papers: Contract cancellation, Carton 127, Folder 12.

44
. Kaiser Papers: Kaiser statement on Hughes, 7, Carton 127, Folder 35.

45
.
Time
, October 18, 1943, 77.

46
.
Time
, October 18, 1943, 77.

47
. Heiner,
Kaiser
, 161.

48
. Heiner,
Kaiser
, 163–64.

49
. Heiner,
Kaiser
, 165.

  1
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 274.

  2
. Quoted in Spector,
Eagle Against the Sun
, 227.

  3
. George C. Kenney,
General Kenney Reports: A Personal History of the Pacific War
(1949; Washington, DC: U.S. Air Force, 1997), 14.

  4
. Kenney,
General Kenney Reports
, 285.

  5
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 378.

  6
. Spector,
Eagle Against the Sun
, 227–28.

  7
. Knudsen Papers: Log of Pacific Trip, entry for August 26, 1943.

  8
. Knudsen Papers: Conversation with Lieutenant General Kenney and Major General Whitehead, September 15, 1943.

  9
. Knudsen Papers: Log of Pacific Trip, entry for September 1, 1943.

10
. Kenney,
General Kenney Reports
, 286.

11
. Minutes, War Production Board: July 27, 1943 meeting, 264.

12
. Knudsen Papers: Log of Pacific Trip, August 28, 1943.

13
. Beasley,
Knudsen
, 247.

14
. H. H. Arnold,
Global Mission
(New York: Harper and Row, 1949), 188.

15
. Lindbergh,
War Journals
, 183.

16
. Lindbergh,
War Journals
, 183; Arnold,
Global Mission
, 188.

17
. Arnold,
Global Mission
, 189.

18
. Arnold,
Global Mission
, 189.

19
. Geoffrey Perret,
Winged Victory: The Army Air Forces in World War II
(New York: Random House, 1993), 37.

20
. Harold Mansfield,
Vision: A Saga of the Sky
(New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1956), 158.

21
. Mary Wells Geer,
Boeing’s Ed Wells
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1992), 93–94.

22
. Geer,
Boeing’s Ed Wells
, 94.

23
. Gene Gurney,
Journey of the Giants
(New York: Coward-McCann, 1961), 23.

24
. Gurney,
Journey
, 24.

25
. Geer,
Boeing’s Ed Wells
, 96–97.

26
. Walton,
Miracle of World War II
, 404–5.

27
. Vander Meulen,
Building the B-29
, 16–17; Walton,
Miracle of World War II
, 352.

28
. Walton,
Miracle of World War II
, 353.

29
. Vander Meulen,
Building the B-29
, 17.

30
. Walton,
Miracle of World War II
, 353; Geer,
Boeing’s Ed Wells
, 98.

31
. Gurney,
Journey
, 29.

32
. Yenne,
American Aircraft Factory
, 64.

33
. Vander Meulen,
Building the B-29
, 31.

34
. Tom Collison,
The Superfortress Is Born
(New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1945).

35
. Vander Meulen,
Building the B-29
, 37.

36
. Vander Meulen,
Building the B-29
, 51.