Heart of Europe: A History of the Roman Empire (145 page)

BOOK: Heart of Europe: A History of the Roman Empire
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5
. C. Beaune,
The Birth of an Ideology: Myths and Symbols of Nation in Late-Medieval France
(Berkeley, 1991); C. L-bke,
Fremde im östlichen Europa. Von Gesellschaften ohne Staat zu verstaatlichten Gesellschaften (9.–11. Jahrhundert)
(Cologne, 2001); F. Graus,
Die Nationenbildung der Westslawen im Mittelalter
(Sigmaringen, 1980), esp. p.142.

6
. H.-W. Goetz, ‘Regnum. Zum politischen Denken der Karolingerzeit’,
ZSRG GA
, 104 (1987), 110–89 esp. 117, 171.

7
. M. Todd,
The Early Germans
(2nd ed., Oxford, 2004), pp.1–11, 242–54; H. K. Schulze,
Grundstrukturen der Verfassung im Mittelalter
(3rd ed., 3 vols., Stuttgart, 1995–2000), I, pp.11–35.

8
. P. Blickle, ‘Untertanen in der Frühneuzeit’,
VSWG
, 70 (1983), 483–522 at 484–8. For the following see J. Henderson,
The Medieval World of Isidore of Seville
(Cambridge, 2007); S. MacLean, ‘Insinuation, censorship and the struggle for late Carolingian Lotharingia in Regino of Prüm’s chronicle’,
EHR
, 124 (2009), 1–28; R. Bartlett, ‘Medieval and modern concepts of race and ethnicity’,
Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies
, 31 (2001), 39–56.

9
. C. Hirschi,
The Origins of Nationalism
(Cambridge, 2012), pp.62–82; U. Nonn, ‘Heiliges Römisches Reich deutscher Nation. Zum Nationen-Begriff im 15. Jahrhundert’,
ZHF
, 9 (1982), 129–42.

10
. K. F. Werner, ‘Das hochmittelalterliche Imperium im politischen Bewusstsein Frankreichs (10.–12. Jahrhundert)’,
HZ
, 200 (1965), 1–60 at 16–17; Todd,
Early Germans
, pp.179–80.

11
. B. Arnold,
Princes and Territories in Medieval Germany
(Cambridge, 1991), pp.66–7; R. Collins,
Early Medieval Europe, 300–1000
(Basingstoke, 1991), pp.274–7; R. Bartlett,
The Making of Europe
(London, 1993), pp.204–20; Schulze,
Grundstrukturen
, I, pp.23–5, 108.

12
. J. Ehlers, ‘Methodische Überlegungen zur Entstehung des deutschen Reiches im Mittelalter und zur nachwanderzeitlichen Nationenbildung’, in C. Brühl and B. Schneidmüller (eds.),
Beiträge zur mittelalterlichen Reichs- und Nationsbildung in Deutschland und Frankreich
(Munich, 1997), pp.1–13.

13
. K. Leyser, ‘The German aristocracy from the ninth to the early twelfth century’,
P&P
, 41 (1968), 25–53; K. F. Werner, ‘Important noble families in the kingdom of Charlemagne’, in T. Reuter (ed.),
The Medieval Nobility
(Amsterdam, 1978), pp.137–202.

14
. H.-W. Goetz, ‘Das Herzogtum im Spiegel der salierzeitlichen Geschichtsschreibung’, in S. Weinfurter (ed.),
Die Salier und das Reich
(3 vols., Sigmaringen, 1991), I, pp.253–71, doubts the persistence of some kind of ‘tribal’ identity, but others present convincing evidence for regionally bounded identities: O. Engels, ‘Der Reich der Salier’, in ibid, III, pp.479–541 at 479–514.

15
. L. Körntgen,
Ottonen und Salier
(3rd ed., Darmstadt, 2010), pp.1–3.

16
. L. Gall,
Von der ständischen zur bürgerlichen Gesellschaft
(Munich, 1993); A. Haverkamp,
Medieval Germany, 1056–1273
(Oxford, 1988), pp.78–92, 198–211; G. Tellenbach,
The Church in Western Europe from the Tenth to the Early Twelfth Century
(Cambridge, 1993), pp.122–34; D. Saalfeld, ‘Die ständische Gliederung der Gesellschaft Deutschlands im Zeitalter des Absolutismus’,
VSWG
, 67 (1980), 457–83. For the European perspective see B. Guenée,
States and Rulers in Later Medieval Europe
(Oxford, 1985), pp.157–70. The demographic and economic changes are explored further on pp.487–98.

17
. J. Laudage and Y. Leiverkus (eds.),
Rittertum und höfische Kultur der Stauferzeit
(Cologne, 2006), esp. the introduction; H. Wolfram,
Conrad II, 990–1039
(University Park, PA, 2006), pp.169–75; J. B. Freed, ‘Nobles, ministerials and knights in the archdiocese of Salzburg’,
Speculum
, 62 (1987), 575–611; J. Bumke,
The Concept of Knighthood in the Middle Ages
(New York, 1982); L. Silver,
Marketing Maximilian: The Visual Ideology of a Holy Roman Emperor
(Princeton, 2008), p.163; H. Wiesflecker,
Kaiser Maximilian I.
(5 vols., Vienna, 1971–86), I, p.176, V, p.518.

18
. K. Leyser,
Medieval Germany and its Neighbours, 900–1250
(London, 1982), pp.161–89; H. Keller, ‘Die soziale und politische Verfassung Mailands in den Anfängen des kommunalen Lebens’,
HZ
, 211 (1970), 34–64 esp. 41–9.

19
. B. Tolley,
Pastors and Parishioners in Württemberg during the Late Reformation, 1581–1621
(Stanford, 1995).

20
. F. Geisthardt, ‘Peter Melander, Graf zu Holzappel, 1589–1648’,
Nassauische Lebensbilder
, 4 (1950), 36–53.

21
. H. Zmora,
The Feud in Early Modern Germany
(Cambridge, 2011), pp.100–110, 133–4; H. Watanabe-O’Kelly, ‘War and politics in early seventeenth-century Germany: The tournaments of the Protestant Union’, in Centro di Studi Storici, Narni (ed.),
La civiltà del torneo (sec. XII–XVII)
(Rome, 1990), pp.231–45; and the chapters by L. Ognois and A. Seeliger-Zeiss in A. Ernst and A. Schindling (eds.),
Union und Liga 1608/09
(Stuttgart, 2010). Urban charters are discussed on pp.507, 513–14.

22
. P. Blickle,
The Revolution of 1525
(2nd ed., Baltimore, 1985); J. G. Gagliardo,
From Pariah to Patriot: The Changing Image of the German Peasant, 1770–1840
(Lexington, KY, 1969). The identity of the ‘common man’ is discussed on pp.501, 579–80.

23
. O. P. Clavadetscher, ‘Nobilis, edel, fry’, in H. Beumann (ed.),
Historische Forschungen für Walter Schlesinger
(Cologne, 1974), pp.242–51. Early modern examples of efforts to maintain status distinctions in
NTSR
, XIII, part I, 917–18, 920; XIV, 384–7.

24
. H. Wunder,
He is the Sun, she is the Moon: Women in Early Modern Germany
(Cambridge, MA, 1998), p.188.

25
. Quoted by Gall,
Von der ständischen zur bürgerlichen Gesellschaft
, p.7.

26
. M. Hochedlinger, ‘Mars ennobled: The ascent of the military and the creation of a military nobility in mid-eighteenth-century Austria’,
GH
, 17 (1999), 141–76.

27
. C. Dipper,
Deutsche Geschichte, 1648–1789
(Frankfurt am Main, 1991), pp.77–80; G. Schmidt,
Wandel durch Vernunft. Deutsche Geschichte im 18. Jahrhundert
(Munich, 2009), pp.291–325; O. Mörke, ‘Social structure’, in S. Ogilvie (ed.),
Germany: A New Social and Economic History
, II,
1630–1800
(London, 1996), pp.134–63 esp. 136–7, 148.

28
. H. J. Cohn, ‘Anticlericalism in the German Peasants’ War 1525’,
P&P
, 83 (1979), 3–31; K. Bleeck and J. Garber, ‘Nobilitas. Standes- und Privilegienlegitimation in deutschen Adelstheorien des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts’,
Daphnis
, 11 (1982), 49–114; M. Kaiser, ‘“Ist er vom adel? Ja. Id satis videtur”. Adlige Standesqualität und militärische Leistung als Karrierefaktoren in der Epoche des Dreißigjährigen Krieges’, in F. Bosbach et al. (eds.),
Geburt oder Leistung?
(Munich, 2003), pp.73–90; H. C. E. Midelfort, ‘Adeliges Landleben und die Legitimationskrise des deutschen Adels im 16. Jahrhundert’, in G. Schmidt (ed.),
Stände und Gesellschaft im Alten Reich
(Stuttgart, 1989), pp.245–64. For the following see also E. Schubert, ‘Adel im ausgehenden 18. Jahrhundert’, in J. Canning and H. Wellenreuther (eds.),
Britain and Germany Compared
(Göttingen, 2001), pp.141–229 at 144–9.

29
. Wolfram,
Conrad II
, pp.322–4.

30
. G. Franz,
Geschichte des deutschen Bauernstandes vom frühen Mittelalter bis zum 19. Jahrhundert
(Stuttgart, 1970), pp.26–7; M. Costambeys et al.,
The Carolingian World
(Cambridge, 2011), pp.275–323. For the following see also J. A. Brundage,
Law, Sex and Christian Society in Medieval Europe
(Chicago, 1987); J. F. Harrington,
Reordering Marriage and Society in Reformation Germany
(Cambridge, 1995).

31
. J. R. Lyon,
Princely Brothers and Sisters: The Sibling Bond in German Politics, 1100–1250
(Ithaca, NY, 2012); W. Störmer,
Früher Adel. Studien zur politischen Führungsschicht im fränkisch-deutschen Reich vom 8. bis 11. Jahrhundert
(2 vols., Stuttgart, 1973).

32
. K. Görich,
Die Staufer. Herrscher und Reich
(2nd ed., Munich, 2008), p.20.

33
. H. Keller,
Die Ottonen
(4th ed., Munich, 2008), pp.16–17; K. Schmid, ‘Zum Haus- und Herrschaftsverständnis der Salier’, in Weinfurter (ed.),
Die Salier
, I, pp.21–34.

34
. N. Schindler,
Rebellion, Community and Custom in Early Modern Germany
(Cambridge, 2002), pp.51–84; Bartlett,
Making of Europe
, pp.270–80.

35
. M. Innes,
State and Society in the Early Middle Ages: The Middle Rhine Valley, 400–1000
(Cambridge, 2000), pp.30–40; H. J. Hummer,
Politics and Power in Early Medieval Europe: Alsace and the Frankish Realm, 600–1000
(Cambridge, 2005), p.257; J. B. Freed, ‘Reflections on the early medieval German nobility’,
AHR
, 91 (1986), 553–75 at 563.

36
. D. Abulafia, ‘Introduction’, in idem and N. Berend (eds.),
Medieval Frontiers
(Aldershot, 2002), pp.1–34; R. J. W. Evans,
Austria, Hungary, and the Habsburgs
(Oxford, 2006), pp.114–33.

37
. F. Prinz, ‘Die Grenzen des Reiches in frühsalischer Zeit’, in Weinfurter (ed.),
Die Salier
, I, pp.159–73; G. Lubich, ‘Früh- und hochmittelalterlicher Adel zwischen Tauber und Neckar. Genese und Prägung adliger Herrschaftsräume im fränkisch-schwäbischen Grenzgebiet’, in S. Lorenz and S. Molitor (eds.),
Herrschaft und Legitimation
(Leinfelden-Echterdingen, 2002), pp.13–47.

38
. H. Maurer, ‘
Confinium Alamannorum
. Über Wesen und Bedeutung hochmittelalterlicher “Stammesgrenzen”’, in Beumann (ed.),
Historische Forschungen
, pp.150–61.

39
. M. J. Halvorson and K. E. Spierling,
Defining Community in Early Modern Europe
(Aldershot, 2008). See also the literature cited in n.2 above and the discussion of communal ideals on pp.498–503.

40
. R. Meens, ‘Politics, mirrors of princes and the Bible: Sins, kings and the well-being of the realm’,
EME
, 7 (1998), 345–57.

41
. B. Arnold, ‘Episcopal authority authenticated and fabricated: Form and function in medieval German bishops’ catalogues’, in T. Reuter (ed.),
Warriors and Churchmen in the High Middle Ages
(London, 1992), pp. 63–78; K. Graf, ‘Feindbild und Vorbild. Bemerkungen zur städtischen Wahrnehmung des Adels’,
ZGO
, 141 (1993), 121–54; C. Woodford,
Nuns as Historians in Early Modern Germany
(Oxford, 2002); D. P. Bell,
Jewish Identity in Early Modern Germany
(Aldershot, 2007), pp.72–98.

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