Heart of Europe: A History of the Roman Empire (143 page)

29
. E. Boshof,
Die Salier
(5th ed., Stuttgart, 2008), pp.63–70; T. Riches, ‘The Peace of God, the “weakness” of Robert the Pious and the struggle for the German throne, 1023–5’,
EME
, 18 (2010), 202–22 at 212–16; Wolfram,
Conrad II
, pp.239–46; Brühl,
Deutschland – Frankreich
, pp.672–9.

30
. S. Weinfurter,
The Salian Century
(Philadelphia, 1999), p.50.

31
. Boshof,
Die Salier
, pp.113–16.

32
. F. Seibt,
Karl IV.
(Munich, 1978), pp.350–60.

33
. G. Althoff,
Die Ottonen
(2nd ed., Stuttgart, 2005), pp.49–52, 92–3; M. Werner, ‘Der Herzog von Lothringen in salischer Zeit’, in S. Weinfurter (ed.),
Die Salier und das Reich
(3 vols., Sigmaringen, 1991), I, pp.367–473; Schneidmüller, ‘
Regnum
und
ducatus
’, pp.89–91.

34
. E. Boshof, ‘Lothringen, Frankreich und das Reich in der Regierungszeit Heinrichs III.’,
RVJB
, 42 (1978), 63–127.

35
. H. Thomas, ‘Die lehnrechtlichen Beziehungen des Herzogtums Lothringen zum Reich von der Mitte des 13. bis zum Ende des 14. Jahrhunderts’,
RVJB
, 38 (1974), 166–202; H. Bogdan,
La Lorraine des ducs
(Condé-sur-l’Escaut, 2007), pp.47–62; F. Pesendorfer,
Lothringen und seine Herzöge
(Graz, 1994), pp.55–8. Pont-à-Mousson was acquired with the county (later duchy) of Bar to the north-west of Lorraine itself in the fourteenth century. Bar had owed feudal obligations to France since 1301, while Pont-à-Mousson had been an imperial fief since 1354. Although he released the duke from obligations owed by Lorraine, Charles reasserted suzerainty over Metz, Toul and Verdun in 1356. Lorraine eventually passed to the Vaudemont family in 1501.

36
. M. Innes, ‘Franks and Slavs c.700–1000: The problem of European expansion before the millennium’,
EME
, 6 (1997), 201–16; H. Keller, ‘Das “Erbe” Ottos des Großen’,
FMS
, 41 (2007), 43–74 at 56–7.

37
. C. R. Bowlus,
The Battle of Lechfeld and its Aftermath, August 955
(Aldershot, 2006), pp.19–44 (on Magyar tactics); T. Reuter (ed.),
The Annals of Fulda
(Manchester, 1992), pp.23, 88–98, 121–3 (on the Slavs); Neveux,
A Brief History of the Normans
, pp.24–37.

38
. S. Coupland, ‘The Frankish tribute payments to the Vikings and their consequences’,
Francia
, 26 (1999), 57–75.

39
. J. M. H. Smith, ‘
Fines imperii
: The marches’, in R. McKitterick (ed.),
The New Cambridge Medieval History
, II,
c.700–c.900
(Cambridge, 1995), pp.169–89; H. Büttner, ‘Die Ungarn, das Reich und Europa bis zur Lechfeldschlacht des Jahres 955’,
ZBLG
, 19 (1956), 433–58.

40
. Althoff,
Die Ottonen
, pp.53–5; M. Hardt, ‘The
Limes Saxoniae
as part of the eastern borderlands of the Frankish and Ottonian-Salian Empire’, in F. Curta (ed.),
Borders, Barriers and Ethnogenesis
(Turnhout, 2005), pp.35–50; D. S. Bachrach,
Warfare in Tenth-Century Germany
(Wood-bridge, 2012), pp.23–36, 59–60, 92–101.

41
. N. Davies,
God’s Playground: A History of Poland
(2nd ed., 2 vols., Oxford, 2005), I, pp.54–5.

42
. G. Althoff,
Otto III
(Philadelphia, 2003), pp.46–8; J. Petersohn, ‘König Otto III. und die Slawen an Ostsee, Oder und Elbe um das Jahr 995’,
FMS
, 37 (2003), 99–139.

43
. C. R. Bowlus,
Franks, Moravians and Magyars: The Struggle for the Middle Danube, 788–907
(Philadelphia, 1995); F. Curta,
Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250
(Cambridge, 2006); Reuter,
Germany in the Early Middle Ages
, pp.79–84.

44
. Reuter (ed.),
The Annals of Fulda
, pp.58–61; Reuter,
Germany in the Early Middle Ages
, pp.82–4. The exact location of the Greater Moravian Empire remains a matter of some controversy.

45
. L. Scales,
The Shaping of German Identity
(Cambridge, 2012), p.408; F. Prinz, ‘Die Stellung Böhmens im mittelalterlichen deutschen Reich’,
ZBLG
, 28 (1965), 99–113.

46
. The exception was Eger (Cheb), acquired by the Staufer in the 1160s to secure access into western Bohemia, but pawned to that kingdom in 1322.

47
. Davies,
God’s Playground
, I, pp.52–8, 70.

48
. H. Ludat,
An Elbe und Oder um das Jahr 1000. Skizzen zur Politik des Ottonenreiches und der slavischen Mächte in Mitteleuropa
(Vienna, 1995); J. Fried,
Otto III
.
und Boleslaw Chrobry
(Stuttgart, 1989); Althoff,
Otto III
, pp.97–107. The historical controversy surrounding Otto’s actions is summarized by D. A. Warner’s introduction to Thietmar of Merseburg,
Chronicon
, pp.21–6.

49
. K. Leyser, ‘The battle at the Lech, 955’,
History
, 50 (1965), 1–25 at 4; J. Bérenger,
A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1273–1700
(Harlow, 194), pp.45–6.

50
. S. Gawlas, ‘Der Blick von Polen auf das mittelalterliche Reich’, in B. Schneidmüller and S. Weinfurter (eds.),
Heilig – Römisch – Deutsch. Das Reich im mittelalterlichen Europa
(Dresden, 2006), pp.266–85. See generally N. Berend et al.,
Central Europe in the High Middle Ages
(Cambridge, 2013).

51
. Althoff,
Die Ottonen
, p.208. For the following see also Reuter,
Germany in the Early Middle Ages
, pp.260–64.

52
. A. Begert,
Böhmen, die böhmische Kur und das Reich vom Hochmittelalter bis zum Ende des Alten Reiches
(Husum, 2003). The changes to vassalage are discussed on pp.356–65.

53
. L. E. Scales, ‘At the margin of community: Germans in pre-Hussite Bohemia’,
TRHS
, 6th series, 9 (1999), 327–52.

54
. H. Aubin et al. (eds.),
Geschichte Schlesiens
, I,
Von der Urzeit bis zum Jahre 1526
(3rd ed., Stuttgart, 1961).

55
. Scales,
German Identity
, pp.431–7 (quote from p.436). Prussia’s controversial historiography is discussed in M. Weber (ed.),
Preussen in Ostmitteleuropa
(Munich, 2003). For the Order’s foundation see pp.97–9.

56
. H. Boockmann,
Ostpreußen und Westpreußen
(Berlin, 1992), pp.94–5; E. E. Stengel,
Abhandlungen und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des Kaisergedankens im Mittelalter
(Cologne, 1965), pp.207–37.

57
. Gawlas, ‘Der Blick von Polen’, 280–85. For Polish Prussia see K. Friedrich,
The Other Prussia: Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1569–1772
(Cambridge, 2000). For the following see W. Hubatsch, ‘Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Grand Master of the Order of Teutonic Knights and duke in Prussia, 1490–1568’, in H. J. Cohn (ed.),
Government in Reformation Europe, 1520–1560
(London, 1971), pp.169–202; F. L. Carsten,
The Origins of Prussia
(Oxford, 1954), pp.1–100; D. Kirby,
Northern Europe in the Early Modern Period: The Baltic World, 1492–1772
(Harlow, 1990), pp.66–73.

58
. A. V. Berkis,
The Reign of Duke James in Courland, 1638–1682
(Lincoln, NB, 1960), p.10. For the following see J. Lavery,
Germany’s Northern Challenge: The Holy Roman Empire and the Scandinavian Struggle for the Baltic, 1563–1576
(Boston, 2002), pp.132–41.

59
. K. Friedrich and S. Smart (eds.),
The Cultivation of Monarchy and the Rise of Berlin: Brandenburg-Prussia, 1700
(Farnham, 2010); C. Clark, ‘When culture meets power: The Prussian coronation of 1701’, in H. Scott and B. Simms (eds.),
Cultures of Power in Europe during the Long Eighteenth Century
(Cambridge, 2007), pp.14–35;
NTSR
, I, 111–32.

60
. K.-U. Jäschke,
Europa und das römisch-deutsche Reich um 1300
(Stuttgart, 1999), pp.39–54; Davies,
God’s Playground
, I, pp.86–92.

61
. R. Butterwick (ed.),
The Polish-Lithuanian Monarchy in European Context, c.1500–1795
(Basingstoke, 2001).

62
. A. Niederstätter,
Österreichische Geschichte, 1400–1522
(Vienna, 1996), pp.341–59; W. Zanetti,
Der Friedenskaiser. Friedrich III
.
und seine Zeit, 1440–1493
(Herford, 1985), pp.130–208, 275–338.

63
. K. V. Jensen, ‘The blue Baltic border of Denmark in the high Middle Ages’, in D. Abulafia and N. Berend (eds.),
Medieval Frontiers: Concepts and Practices
(Aldershot, 2002), pp.173–93; K. Jordan, ‘Heinrich der Löwe und Dänemark’, in M. Göhring and A. Scharff (eds.),
Geschichtliche Kräfte und Entscheidungen
(Wiesbaden, 1954), pp.16–29 at 17–19.

64
. E. Hoffmann, ‘Die Bedeutung der Schlacht von Bornhöved für die deutsche und skandinavische Geschichte’,
Zeitschrift des Vereins für Lübeckische Geschichte und Altertumskunde
, 57 (1977), 9–37. The Hansa are discussed on pp.570–71, 577–8.

65
. A. Bihrer,
Begegnungen zwischen dem ostfränkisch-deutschen Reich und England (850–1100)
(Ostfildern, 2012); K. Leyser, ‘Die Ottonen und Wessex’,
FMS
, 17 (1983), 73–97; J. Sarnowsky, ‘England und der Kontinent im 10. Jahrhundert’,
HJb
, 114 (1994), 47–75.

66
. K. Leyser,
Medieval Germany and its Neighbours, 900–1250
(London, 1982), pp.191–213.

67
. K. Görich, ‘Verletzte Ehre. König Richard Löwenherz als Gefanger Kaiser Heinrichs VI’,
HJb
, 123 (2003), 65–91; J. Gillingham, ‘The kidnapped king: Richard I in Germany, 1192–4’,
GHIL
, 30 (2008), 5–34. The Staufer–Welf conflict is discussed further on pp.357–9.

68
. B. K. U. Weiler,
Henry III of England and the Staufen Empire, 1216–1272
(Woodbridge, 2006), p.198. Richard’s reign as German king is discussed further on pp.378–9.

69
. J. Whaley,
Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, 1493–1806
(2 vols., Oxford, 2012), I, p.340. Some of these issues will be picked up in more detail on pp.255–65, 668–78.

70
. For a geographical survey of the Kreise, see P. H. Wilson,
From Reich to Revolution: German History, 1558–1806
(Basingstoke, 2004), pp.185–90, with a full membership list of each on pp.364–77. Further discussion on p.403.