Henry VIII (81 page)
L&P.
Edward Hall.
History of the King's Works.
Ampthill Castle was partially demolished in 1567 and was ruinous by 1605. Its remains were completely dismantled in 1649, and at the end of the seventeenth century Ampthill Park was laid out on the site. A stone cross marks the place where the castle once stood.
29 “All the Enemies of England Are Gone”
Edward Hall.
L&P.
Ibid.; CSP: Spanish.
Juan Luis Vives.
CSP: Venetian.
This portrait, which dates from around 1540, is now in the Royal Collection.
Cited by Bowle.
L&P.
Only one brick range with some original windows survives; it is now a farmhouse.
L&P.
Anthony Wood.
George Cavendish,
Metrical Visions.
Original Letters,
ed. Ellis.
L&P.
Edward Hall.
These are now lost. The miniature of the Dauphin Francis by Jean Clouet in the Royal Collection was acquired in the nineteenth century.
The first identifiable English work by one of them, Lucas Horenbout, is the King's portrait in an initial letter on a patent dated 28 April 1524 (sold at Sotheby's in 1983 and now in a private collection), which is certainly by the same hand as Lucas's miniature of Henry VIII in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge.
B.L. Additional MSS.
A brass dated 1529 marks her tomb in Fulham Parish Church.
B.L. Egerton MSS.
This was probably the miniature discovered in France in 1994 and auctioned in Paris in November that year. It is now in the Louvre.
L&P.
Two are in the Royal Collection, the others are in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge; the Buccleuch Collection; the Louvre; and a private collection. They probably date from 1526â1527. The King is shown clean-shaven or bearded, with bobbed hair, and looks as if he is putting on weight.
They are in the National Portrait Gallery, the E. Grosvenor Paine Collection, and the Buccleuch Collection; in the last the Queen is shown with a pet monkey.
They are in the Buccleuch Collection and the Royal Ontario Museum.
Now in the collection of Louis de Wet Esq.
On loan to the National Portrait Gallery from a private collection.
Now in the Victoria and Albert Museum.
Still in the Royal Collection.
Now at Sudeley Castle.
Now in the Buccleuch Collection.
See Strong,
English Renaissance Miniature.
Now in the National Portrait Gallery.
Ives.
Cited by Benton Fletcher.
30 “Next in Rank to His Majesty”
Edward Hall.
Clifford, who had begun his career as a Page of the Chamber, later distinguished himself in defending the northern border against the Scots. He later married the King's niece Eleanor Brandon, younger daughter of the Duke of Suffolk by Mary Tudor.
He was the grandson of Anne Plantagenet, sister of Edward IV, and had been a favourite of Henry VIII since the French campaign of 1513. His country residence was Belvoir Castle.
L&P. The patent of creation stipulated that he was to take precedence over all dukes except those legitimately born to the King or to his heirs male.
CSP: Venetian.
Ibid.
L&P; Collection of Ordinances.
CSP: Spanish; John Stow;
Annals.
George Cavendish; Edward Hall.
The first chapel on this site was built by Henry III and later added to by Edward III. Rebuilt by Henry VII, it was extensively altered in the nineteenth century, when it was used as a temporary mausoleum for the Prince Consort, and is known today as the Albert Memorial Chapel.
L&P.
Ibid.
The ruins of the castle survive today on private farmland. The massive ditch of the double moat may still be seen.
L&P.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Cited by Fraser.
CSP: Venetian.
Ibid.
Letter in the Public Record Office.
L&P.
B.L. Cotton MSS.: Vespasian.
L&P.
Ibid.
Ibid.
The house survives today in a much altered state, although its Georgian façade conceals substantial Tudor remains.
Cited by Erickson,
Great Harry
.
L&P.
Hunsdon House was granted by Elizabeth I to her cousin, Henry Carey, later Lord Hunsdon, in 1559. It was largely rebuilt in the nineteenth century, leaving only one of the original turrets, and is now a private residence. The house has recently been the subject of an archaelogical excavation.
31 “The Establishment of Good Order”
Edward Hall.
Ibid.
Collection of Ordinances.
The original vellum MS. is in the Bodleian Library.
L&P.
Collection of Ordinances.
L&P.
Cited in Starkey,
Reign of Henry VIII.
Collection of Ordinances.
B.L. Cotton MSS.: Vespasian.
Collection of Ordinances.
Edward Hall.
Loades;
Tudor Court.
32 “A Fresh Young Damsel”
Edward Hall.
Ibid.
L&P.
CSP: Venetian.
Lancelot de Carles.
Ibid.
George Wyatt of Boxley Abbey, Kent (1554â1624), was the son of the rebel and traitor Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger, and the grandson of the poet Sir Thomas Wyatt the Elder. George's life's work, the memoir of Anne Boleyn, was written in response to the Jesuit Nicholas Sander's attack on her in his treatise of 1585.
L&P.
B.L. Sloane MSS.
Brantôme. Even William Forrest, a partisan of Katherine of Aragon, states that Anne had a pretty singing voice. See also Lancelot de Carles and B.L. Sloane MSS.
Brantôme; Nicholas Sander.
L&P.
Lancelot de Carles; Nicholas Sander; B.L. Sloane MSS.
Brantôme.
Ibid.
B.L. Royal MSS.
Cited by Muir.
L&P.
In 1554, Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger was executed for leading a major rebellion against Mary I.
A rondeau was a French poem, ten or thirteen lines long, with just two rhymes repeated throughout and the first words used twice as a refrain.
William Latimer. Latimer was Anne Boleyn's chaplain, and wrote a highly sympathetic biography of her after her death.
Lancelot de Carles.
Brantôme.
Nicholas Sander.
L&P.
CSP: Spanish.
L&P.
33 “Master Hans”
Edward Hall.
PPE.
Cited by Bowle.
Only fragmentary remains of one of the service courts survive today; these are situated to the south of the present manor house.
L&P.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Erasmus,
Opus Epistolarum.
Holbein's portrait of Archbishop Warham is in the Louvre. A version is at Lambeth Palace.
Erasmus,
Opus Epistolarum.
George Cavendish.
Letters of King Henry VIII.
Edward Hall. These houses survived for at least eighty years, but although they have long vanished, there are detailed descriptions of them, and their contents, in PRO, L&P, and B.L. Egerton MSS.
The portrait of Nicolaus Kratzer, which shows him surrounded by mathematical instruments, is in the Louvre; a copy is in the National Portrait Gallery. Copies of Holbein's portrait of Sir Henry Wyatt are in the Louvre and the National Galleries of Scotland. The portrait of Sir Henry Guildford is in the Royal Collection, and shows him wearing his Garter collar (he had been admitted to the Order in 1526) and holding his white wand of office as Comptroller of the Household. Attached to his hat is a badge decorated with mathematical instruments.
Edward Hall.
CSP: Venetian. The tapestries may be identified with the ten-piece set now in the Musée de la Renaissance at the Château d'Ãcouen in France.
Edward Hall.
L&P.
Edward Hall.
Ibid.
CSP: Venetian.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Edward Hall.
PRO; B.L. Egerton MSS.
Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
34 “Noli Me Tangere,
for Caesar's I Am”
CSP: Spanish.
William Tyndale,
Works.
L&P.
Ibid.
CSP: Spanish.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
George Wyatt.
B.L. Additional MSS. The manuscript was once at Chatsworth.
CSP: Spanish.
Chronica del rey Enrico.
George Wyatt;
Papers.
L&P.
George Cavendish.
George Wyatt.
CSP: Spanish.
An illuminated copy of the Statutes of the Order of St. Michael is now in the Public Record Office; the copy of the Garter Statutes sent to Francis I is among B.L. Additional MSS.; it features a miniature of the Princess Mary dressed as Concord.
Edward Hall. For the exchange of these Orders, see
Henry VIII: A European Court in England
.
Edward Hall. A portrait of Sir Anthony, which probably dates from this time, since he is wearing French costume, is in the National Portrait Gallery.
The Order of St. Michael was abolished in 1578 because the admission of too many knights had debased it. Henry III of France founded in its place the Order of the Holy Spirit.
George Cavendish.
L&P; Erickson; Great Harry.
PPE.
Ibid.; CSP: Spanish.
L&P.
PPE.
Brantôme.
PPE.
Ibid.
L&P; Ambassades . . . de Jean du Bellay.
35 “A Thousand Cases of Sweat”
This theory was first propounded in 1888 by A. S. Currie in “Notes on the Obstetric Histories of Katherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn,” and was given widespread circulation by means of an anonymous article, “Some Royal Deathbeds,” which appeared in the
British Medical Journal
in 1910. It was refuted by Frederick Chamberlin in
The Private Character of Henry VIII
(1932), J.F.D. Shrewsbury in “Henry VIII: A Medical Study” (1952), and B. Deer in “Carnivore King: The Main Course of History” (1989).
L&P.
Ibid.; Brewer; CSP: Spanish.
L&P; State Papers.
This was the last, and worst, major outbreak of the sweating sickness. It returned for one final time in 1551, then disappeared.
L&P.
Edward Hall.
Letters of King Henry VIII.
L&P.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Letters of King Henry VIII.
Ibid.
Edward Hall.
Ibid.
CSP: Venetian; State Papers; L&P.
L&P.
State Papers.
L&P.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.;
State Papers
.
CSP: Spanish.
PPE.
L&P.
Original Letters,
ed. Ellis.
Excerpta Historica.
Ambassades . . . de Jean du Bellay; L&P.
36 “Back to Your Wife!”
George Cavendish; CSP: Spanish; Starkey,
Reign of Henry VIII.
Shortly afterwards Vives found a new patron, John III, King of Portugal. He died in 1540.
L&P.
CSP: Spanish.
L&P; Letters of King Henry VIII.
L&P.
CSP: Spanish.
Ibid.
L&P.
CSP: Spanish.
Edward Hall.
L&P.
CSP: Venetian. After this, Venice sent no ambassadors to England for sixty years.
L&P.
Edward Hall.
Ibid.
Wilson;
Hans Holbein.
The sixteen-page MS. on vellum is now in the Bodleian Library.
Wilson;
Hans Holbein
.
George Cavendish.
L&P.
George Cavendish; Edward Hall.
37 “Above Everyone, Mademoiselle Anne”
George Cavendish.
Original Letters,
ed. Ellis; CSP: Spanish.
George Cavendish.
CSP: Spanish.
Ibid.
George Cavendish.
Ibid.
CSP: Spanish; L&P.
PRO.
The Bayne Tower was partially refaced in the nineteenth century, and its windows were replaced with Tudor-style replicas, but it survives otherwise intact. Considering the fact that none of Henry VIII's private apartments survive anywhere else, it is surprising that the Bayne Tower, which is of enormous historical interest and significance, is not open to the public but is used as accommodation for palace staff.
Sturgis.
The great arched conduits he built, fourteen feet high and ten feet wide, which carried kitchen waste under the moat to the Thames, still survive today.
The storage platforms in Henry VIII's Great Kitchen were built in the seventeenth century.
The Boiling House is the only one of Henry's subsidiary kitchens to survive today. Only a small area of the service complex, around Fish Court, is open to the public.
The originals have long since disappeared; the King's Beasts that we see today are twentieth-century reconstructions, as is the royal coat of arms on the gatehouse.
See chapter 40.
More than ten thousand pages of accounts detailing Henry's works at Hampton Court survive in the Public Record Office.
In 1553, Mary I restored Esher to the diocese of Winchester. The house was decayed by 1660, and thereafter fell to ruin, but the great gatehouse and a tower still survive.
George Cavendish.
The More was leased in 1576 to the Earl of Bedford, but was ruinous by 1598. No trace of the house remains today. The present Moor House was built in 1727.
Cited by Fraser.
Cited in Neville Williams,
Henry VIII and His Court.
Ibid.
CSP: Spanish.
Ibid.
L&P.
Ibid.
Erasmus,
Opus Epistolarum.
State Papers in the Public Record Office.
John Ponet, Bishop of Winchester, cited in Neville Williams,
The Court of Henry VIII.