Henry VIII (82 page)
C.R.N. Routh.
CSP: Spanish.
Ibid.
Nicholas Harpsfield;
The Life and Death of Thomas More.
Thomas More;
English Works.
William Tyndale;
Works.
PPE.
Ibid.; L&P.
Letters of King Henry VIII.
CSP: Spanish.
L&P.
CSP: Spanish.
Ibid.; L&P.
CSP: Spanish.
See L&P; John Foxe; William Latimer; Dowling; “Anne Boleyn and Reform.”
CSP: Spanish.
John Foxe; John Strype;
Narratives of the Reformation,
ed. Nicholls; George Wyatt;
Tudor Royal Proclamations.
John Foxe. Fish was later reconciled to the Church. He died of plague in 1531.
L&P.
Ibid.
B.L. King's MSS.
Sold at Sotheby's to a private collector in 1982.
B.L. Royal MSS.
B.L. Additional MSS.; L&P.
L&P.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
George Cavendish; PPE. Cavendish says Rochford was not yet twenty-seven.
CSP: Spanish; L&P.
Henry VIII: A European Court in England.
CSP: Spanish.
L&P.
38 “Squire Harry Will Be God, and Do as He Pleases!”
Cited by Mathew.
A cloth-dresser. The Cromwell family had owned a fulling mill at Putney for fifty years.
George Cavendish.
Ibid.
CSP: Spanish.
L&P.
Ibid.
Ibid.
CSP: Spanish.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Much of Richmond Palace was destroyed under the Commonwealth, and its contents were sold. In 1660, what remained was given to Queen Henrietta Maria, but it was barely habitable. By 1690, nearly all the buildings had disappeared. All that remains of the palace today is the gateway bearing Henry VII's arms, which overlooks Richmond Green, and two heavily restored dwelling houses, the Old Palace and Wardrobe Court, which incorporate some of the Tudor fabric. Trumpeter's House stands on the site of the chapel and great hall. The remains of the cellars are nearby.
Much of Eltham Palace was demolished under the Commonwealth, when the park was destroyed. In 1656, the diarist John Evelyn described the palace as “miserable ruins”; the great hall was in use as a barn and the chapel in ruins. Eltham was alienated from the Crown when Charles II granted it to Sir John Shaw in the late seventeenth century. A major restoration was carried out in 1933â1937. Today, the great hall remains, along with part of its screens passage, as well as the Chancellor's Lodging, built by Henry VIII; a bridge over the moat; the arched gate to the vanished tiltyard; and a courtier lodging.
It was the earliest embassy building in England, and continued as such until 1553, when Edward VI established a house of correction for the vagrant poor in the palace. Such houses were thereafter known as Bridewells. The royal apartments were burned down in the Great Fire of 1666, but many of the Tudor buildings survived until the nineteenth century. The House of Correction was finally demolished in 1864. The site was excavated in 1978.
L&P.
Bodleian Library MSS.; Thurley;
Royal Palaces.
Ibid.
CSP: Venetian, 1532.
Thurley,
Royal Palaces
. Only the external brickwork of Henry's tennis court remains. Wolsey's play was demolished in the late seventeenth century.
Nottingham University Library MSS.
McConica;
English Humanists and Reformation Politics.
L&P. See chapter 44.
CSP: Spanish; L&P.
Ibid.
CSP: Spanish.
Tottel's Miscellany.
John Leland,
Itinerary.
Collyweston was granted to the future Elizabeth I in 1550, but alienated from the Crown in 1625. It was in ruins by the eighteenth century. Today, only a few terraced foundations remain.
George Cavendish.
Ibid.
Ibid.
CSP: Spanish.
PPE.
39 “Opprobrious Words”
PRO.
Cited by Erickson,
Great Harry
.
Ibid.
PRO.
Ibid.
CSP: Spanish.
Ibid.; L&P.
Ibid.
CSP: Venetian.
Ibid.
Charles Wriothesley.
CSP: Venetian.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Original Letters relative to the English Reformation.
CSP: Venetian.
L&P.
Ibid.
Cited in Neville Williams,
Henry VIII and His Court.
Edward Hall.
Cited in Neville Williams,
Henry VIII and His Court.
CSP: Spanish; L&P.
Ibid.
CSP: Spanish.
CSP: Venetian.
Ibid.; L&P.
L&P.
Ibid.
40 “The Lady Marquess”
Hanworth, which remained royal property until Elizabeth I sold it to Francis, Lord Cottingham, burned down in 1797. Only two of the roundels survive in the remains of the gardens, along with a carving of the royal arms, two Tudor chimneys, part of the moat, and a five-step mounting block. Fragments of heraldic stained glass survive in Hanworth Rectory. The old trees were cut down in the eighteenth century, and the park was reduced in area. The wall that marks the extent of the original gardens was built in the seventeenth century.
L&P; William Camden. It is sometimes stated that Gardiner presented the house to Anne Boleyn, but it is clear that it was still in royal hands in 1532.
Laid in October 1532 (PRO).
The great hall was restored in 1770 and again, more extensively, in the 1840s, when new stained-glass windows depicting the royal descents of Henry VIII and his wives and children were installed in place of the long-vanished Tudor glass. At the same time, the moulded polychrome cornice was added. In the 1920s, the louvre was removed from the roof, and the Tudor paint stripped away from its timbers. Some of Anne Boleyn's initials and badges survive on the ceiling; others, more accessible, were replaced by those of Jane Seymour.
L&P.
CSP: Spanish.
See chapter 4. Three of the four courtyards of St. James's Palace survive today, among them Friary Court. The only other remains from Henry VIII's original house are his watching chamber and presence chamber in the state apartments, each with a fireplace carved with lovers' knots encasing the initials
H
and
A
, the chapel royal, and the great gatehouse.
Raphael Holinshed.
L&P; History of the King's Works; Thurley, Royal Palaces. The royal lodgings in the Tower were demolished in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
A portrait attributed to Ambrosius Benson in the collection of the Earl of Ashburnham has sometimes been incorrectly identified as one of Katherine Parr.
Henry Clifford.
PPE; CSP: Spanish; Edward Hall.
George Cavendish;
Metrical Visions.
PPE.
L&P.
B.L. Royal MSS.; L&P.
Warnicke;
Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn.
See Lowinsky,
A Music Book for Anne Boleyn.
L&P.
CSP: Spanish.
L&P.
All that survives of Shurland House is the ruined entrance façade.
Hamy; L&P.
CSP: Spanish; L&P; CSP: Venetian.
CSP: Venetian.
L&P.
For the investiture and banquet see Milles, Catalogue of Honour; L&P; B.L. Harleian MSS.; CSP: Venetian;
Calendar of the Manuscripts at Hatfield House;
CSP: Spanish; Edward Hall.
41 “The Triumph at Calais and Boulogne”
CSP: Spanish; L&P.
L&P; B.L. Royal MSS.
CSP: Spanish; L&P.
PPE; L&P.
Claude of France had died in 1524.
Cited by Perry.
Seymour Papers.
CSP: Spanish.
L&P.
CSP: Spanish.
PPE. She was the widow of Sir Richard Wingfield, K.G., who died in 1525. Stone is twenty miles north of Hever Castle.
For the French visit see
The Manner of the Triumph at Calais and Boulogne
; L&P; Edward Hall; CSP: Venetian; CSP: Spanish; Chronicle of Calais; An En
glish Garner;
Hamy; Knecht.
Edward Hall.
History of the King's Works.
L&P.
CSP: Venetian.
Ibid.; CSP: Spanish.
PPE.
Ibid.
Cited by Seward.
CSP: Venetian.
Ibid.
L&P.
PPE.
Ibid.
Ibid.
L&P.
Edward Hall; CSP: Venetian.
L&P.
Ibid; Edward Hall; CSP: Spanish.
L&P.
Ibid.
Cited by Bowle.
CSP: Spanish; L&P.
Ibid.; PPE.
42 “Anna Regina Angliae”
Ives speculates that 14 November 1532 may be the date on which Henry and Anne began having sexual relations together after contracting themselves to each other before witnesses, a procedure that was as binding as a canonical marriage in the early sixteenth century; however, the evidence strongly suggests that they were already having sexual relations before that date (see chapter 41).
Thomas Cranmer,
Miscellaneous Writings and Letters.
B.L. Sloane MSS.
Later Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield.
Later Archbishop of Dublin.
CSP: Spanish; L&P.
B.L. Sloane MSS.; Nicholas Harpsfield; A Treatise on the Pretended Divorce; Nicholas Sander.
CSP: Spanish.
She shortly afterwards married Thomas, Lord Berkeley.
L&P; Letters and Accounts of William Brereton; Nicholas Sander.
CSP: Spanish; L&P.
Ibid.
Ibid.; CSP: Venetian.
Gage talked of renouncing the world and entering a monastery, but later changed his mind and became a loyal supporter of the King. He was allowed to return to court and in 1540 was appointed Comptroller of the Household. Later, he held military commands in Scotland and France.
CSP; Spanish; L&P; CSP: Venetian.
William Latimer; Dowling, “Anne Boleyn and Reform.” Shaxton became Bishop of Salisbury, Skip became Bishop of Hereford, and Parker became Queen Elizabeth's first Archbishop of Canterbury.
House of Commons.
Daughter of Sir John Shelton by Anne Boleyn, Wiltshire's sister.
For Anne Boleyn's household see L&P; Lisle Letters; CSP: Spanish; Friedmann;
House of Commons.
Lisle Letters.
CSP: Spanish; L&P.
L&P.
William Latimer; John Foxe.
George Wyatt.
Matthew Parker;
Correspondence.
Cited by Norris.
William Latimer; Dowling; “Anne Boleyn and Reform.”
This badge was derived from the falcon crest of the Butler earls of Ormonde; it was later used by Elizabeth I.
CSP: Spanish.
L&P.
William Latimer.
Now in the British Library.
Now in the British Library.
B.L. Royal MSS.
B.L. Harleian MSS.
Now owned by the Duke of Northumberland.
L&P.
Edward Hall.
CSP: Spanish.
43 “Here Anna Comes, Bright Image of Chastity”
For Anne Boleyn's coronation, see chiefly Edward Hall; L&P; Charles Wriothesley;
The Noble Triumphant Coronation of Queen Anne.
L&P.
Cited in
Rivals in Power.
Edward Hall. Holbein's design is now in the Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz in Berlin.
Edward Hall.
CSP: Spanish.
L&P; Cronica del Rey Enrico.
L&P.
B.L. Cotton MSS.: Vespasian.
Edward Hall.
Ibid.; L&P.
Lancelot de Carles.
Edward Hall;
The Noble Triumphant Coronation of Queen Anne.
Edward Hall; CSP: Venetian.
L&P.
William Roper.
Cited by Bowle.
Calendar of State Papers, Foreign . . . Elizabeth I.
Charles Wriothesley; CSP: Spanish; L&P; CSP: Venetian.
PPE; Lancelot de Carles.
CSP: Spanish;
Letters and Accounts of William Brereton.
Muir; Thomson;
Sir Thomas Wyatt; Letters and Accounts of William Brereton.
L&P; CSP: Spanish; CSP: Venetian.
History of the King's Works;
CSP: Spanish.
History of the King's Works.
Ibid.
L&P.
Paul Hentzner,
Travels in England.
Ibid.
The Paradise Chamber was demolished with most of the rest of these royal apartments in 1689â1691 by Sir Christopher Wren. The present Cumberland Suite occupies the site of Henry VIII's privy chamber. Henry's lodgings were replaced by the present King's Apartments, built for William III.
Paul Hentzner,
Travels in England.
Sunken gardens created in the 1950s in the Tudor style now occupy the site of the Pond Gardens.
History of the King's Works.
Rawlinson MSS., Bodleian Library.
Cited in
Windsor Castle: The Official Guide.
The North Terrace was rebuilt in stone by Elizabeth I. Henry VIII's private apartments at Windsor were extensively remodelled by Charles II in the 1670s, and again under George IV in the 1820s. The present State Apartments occupy the site.
44 “The High and Mighty Princess of England”
L&P.
Now in the National Gallery, London.
Holbein's original portrait of Cromwell is lost. The best copy is in the Frick Collection in New York, and there are two other copies in the National Portrait Gallery in London. On one of the latter there is an inscription referring to Cromwell as Master of the Jewel House, which must date the sitting to 1533/4.
After Holbein's death, many of his drawings remained in the Royal Collection, but were sold in 1553 to Henry FitzAlan, Earl of Arundel. They passed in 1590 into the collection of his son-in-law, John, Lord Lumley, by which time they had been bound into a book. On Lumley's death in 1609, the book was acquired by Henry, Prince of Wales, son of James I. His brother Charles I later gave it to the Earl of Pembroke, who sold it to Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, before 1642. The drawings were purchased by Charles II prior to 1675, and have remained in the Royal Collection ever since. In 1727, the book of eighty-seven drawings was found by Queen Caroline of Ansbach in a bureau in Kensington Palace. The pictures were then extracted and framed. George III had them rebound in two volumes, and in the nineteenth century they were moved to Windsor, where they remain today, remounted and preserved between acrylic sheeting. Eighty-five of the pictures remain, of which eighty are signed by Holbein; several have deteriorated and/or been retouched. Sixty-nine have been identified, but some are incorrectly labelled. In 1590, the Lumley inventory noted that the names on the pictures had been subscribed by Sir John Cheke, Secretary to Edward VI, who had first come to court in 1542 and may not have known all the sitters. It is unlikely that any of the existing labels are his: they were probably copied in the eighteenth century.