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52. For some fascinating contributions to this discussion, see Martine Rothblatt,
The Apartheid of Sex: A Manifesto on the Freedom of Gender
(New York: Crown, 1995); Jonathan
 
Page 236
Ned Katz,
The Invention of Heterosexuality
(New York: Dutton, 1995); Marjorie Garber,
Vested Interests
; Ekins and King,
Blending Genders
; Judith Lorber,
Paradoxes of Gender
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994); Judith Butler,
Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity
(New York: Routledge, 1990) and
Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex
(New York: Routledge, 1993); Monique Wittig,
The Straight Mind and Other Essays
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1992); Anne McClintock, "Maid to Order: Commercial S/M and Gender Power," in Gibson and Gibson,
Dirty Looks
, 20731; Patrick D. Hopkins's commentary on Honi Haber's "Gender Politics and the Cross-Dresser," paper and commentary presented at a symposium on the philosophy of sex and love at the Central Division meeting of the American Philosophical Association, Chicago, Illinois, April 1995; "Queer Theory: Lesbian and Gay Sexualities"; "More Gender Trouble: Feminism Meets Queer Theory," special issue,
differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies
6 (summer-fall 1994); Lynn Cherny and Elizabeth Reba Wise, eds.,
Wired Women: Gender and New Realities in Cyberspace
(Seattle: Seal Press, 1996); Jacob Hale, "Are Lesbians Women?,''
Hypatia
11 (spring 1996): 94121.
53. Weeks,
Sexuality and Its Discontents
, 242.
54. On the lesbian community's ambivalence during the late 1960s about sacrificing a kind of "erotic secrecy" in order to be active lesbian feminists, see Snitow et al., "Introduction" in Snitow et al.,
Powers of Desire
, 30, and Marotta,
The Politics of Homosexuality
.
55. For some observations about political correctness in discussions of feminist sexuality, see Muriel Dimen, "Politically Correct? Politically Incorrect?" in Vance,
Pleasure and Danger
, 13848; also see Judy Butler, "Lesbian S & M: The Politics of Dis-illusion," in Linden et al.,
Against Sadomasochism
, 171.
56. For feminist objections to the images and practices of dominant/submissive sex, see Kate Millett, "Beyond Politics?: Children and Sexuality," in Vance,
Pleasure and Danger
, 21724; Andrea Dworkin,
Pornography: Men Possessing Women
(New York: E. P. Dutton, 1989); Laura Lederer, ed.,
Take Back the Night: Women on Pornography
(New York: William Morrow, 1980); Catharine A. MacKinnon,
Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987); Kathleen Barry, "Sadomasochism: The New Backlash to Feminism,"
Trivia
1 (fall 1982): 7792; Linden et al.,
Against Sadomasochism
. For review of the cultural feminist position on sexual difference, see Steven Seidman,
Embattled Eros: Sexual Politics and Ethics in Contemporary America
(New York: Routledge, 1992), 97106.
57. See Margaret Hunt's reference to Julia Penelope, acting as panelist at the "Feminism, Sexuality, and Power" conference, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts, 2630 October 1986, in "Report of a Conference on Feminism, Sexuality and Power: The Elect Clash with the Perverse," in Samois,
Coming to Power
, 85.
58. For a discussion of the feminist issues surrounding man/boy love, see Pat Califia, "Man/Boy Love and the Lesbian Movement," in Tsang,
The Age Taboo
. For discussions of the psychological complexity of butch/femme roles, see Amber Hollibaugh and Cherríe Moraga, "What We're Rollin' Around in Bed With: Sexual Silences in Feminism," in Snitow et al.,
Powers of Desire
, 394405; Joan Nestle, "The Fem Question," and Esther Newton and Shirley Walton, "The Misunderstanding: Toward a More Precise Sexual Vocabulary," in Vance,
Pleasure and Danger
, 23250; Joan Nestle, ed.,
The Persistent Desire: A Femme-Butch Reader
(Boston: Alyson Publications, 1992). For arguments in favor of lesbian sadomasochism, see Pat Califia, "Feminism and Sadomasochism,"
Heresies
#12 "Sex Issue" 3, no. 4 (1981): 3034; Pat Califia, "Unraveling the Sexual Fringe: A Secret Side of Lesbian Sexuality,"
The Advocate
, 27 December 1979; Califia,
Sapphistry
; Gayle Rubin and Pat Califia, "Talking about Sadomasochism: Fears, Facts, Fantasies,"
Gay Community News
, 15 August 1981; Samois,
Coming to Power
; Irene Reti, ed.,
Unleashing Feminism: Sadomasochism in the Gay 90s
(Santa Cruz, Calif.: HerBooks, 1993). For reviews of gay and feminist controversies surrounding sex-
 
Page 237
ual difference, see Weeks,
Sexuality and Its Discontents
, chap. 9; Seidman,
Embattled Eros
, chaps. 3 and 4.
59. For more on gay male sadomasochism, see Andreas Spengler, "Manifest Sadomasochism of Males: Results of an Empirical Study," G. W. Levi Kamel and Thomas S. Weinberg, "Diversity in Sadomasochism: Four S & M Careers," and G. W. Levi Kamel, "Leathersex: Meaningful Aspects of Gay Sadomasochism," in
S & M: Studies in Sadomasochism
, ed. Thomas Weinberg and G. W. Levi Kamel (Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1983), 5772, 11721, 16274; Frederick Suppes's commentary on Patrick D. Hopkins's "Rethinking Sadomasochism: Feminism, Interpretation, and Simulation,'' paper and commentary presented at a symposium on philosophical perspectives on s/m sex at the Eastern Division meeting of the American Philosophical Association, Atlanta, Georgia, December 1993. For a fascinating psychoanalytic and literary treatment of the forms that specifically female perversions may take, see Louise J. Kaplan,
Female Perversions: The Temptation of Emma Bovary
(New York: Anchor Books/Doubleday, 1991), especially chaps. 1 and 6.
60. For claims that feminists should avoid legislating private sexual behavior despite the belief that lesbian s/m is antifeminist, see Jeanette Nichols, Darlene Pagano, and Margaret Rossoff, "Is Sadomasochism Feminist?: A Critique of the Samois Position," and Karen Sims and Rose Mason with Darlene Pagano, "Racism and Sadomasochism: A Conversation with Two Black Lesbians," in Linden et al.,
Against Sadomasochism
, 100, 145.
61. For proponents of this view, see Diana E. H. Russell, "Sadomasochism: A Contra-Feminist Activity," and Susan Griffin, "Sadomasochism and the Erosion of Self: A Critical Reading of
Story of O
," in Linden et al.,
Against Sadomasochism
, 176201; also see Melinda Vadas, "Reply to Patrick Hopkins,"
Hypatia
10 (spring 1995): 15961, whose criticism is that s/m sex is pleasurable only when constitutive of, and so dependent on, the actual occurrence of the harm simulated; and see Pat Califia's discussion of the position of Women against Violence and Pornography in the Media (WAVPM) in "A Personal View," 270. For a discussion of the public politics of s/m sex, see Lorena Leigh Saxe, "Sadomasochism and Exclusion,"
Hypatia
7 (fall 1992): 6162, 6568.
62. For example, see Saxe's discussion of respect in "Sadomasochism and Exclusion," 69, n. 3.
63. See Nichols et al., "Is Sadomasochism Feminist?," 140; Karen Rian, "Sadomasochism and the Social Construction of Desire," in Linden et al.,
Against Sadomasochism
, 49.
64. See Russell, "Sadomasochism," 177; Dorchen Leidholdt, "When Women Defend Pornography," and Wendy Stock, "Toward a Feminist Praxis of Sexuality," in Leidholdt and Raymond,
The Sexual Liberals
, 129, 15051; Pat Califia on Women against Violence and Pornography in the Media (WAVPM) in "A Personal View," 245, 260; also see Seidman,
Embattled Eros
, 11819, 194.
65. Sarah Lucia Hoagland, "Sadism, Masochism, and Lesbian-Feminism," in Linden et al.,
Against Sadomasochism
, 156; Valerie Heller, "Sexual Liberalism and Survivors of Sexual Abuse," in Leidholdt and Raymond,
The Sexual Liberals
, 159.
66. See Andrea Dworkin, "Resistance," in Leidholdt and Raymond,
The Sexual Liberals
, 138; Nichols et al., "Is Sadomasochism Feminist?," 140.
67. See Weeks,
Sexuality and Its Discontents
, 22628; Marilyn Frye, "Critique [of Robert Ehman's "Adult-Child Sex"]," in Baker and Elliston,
Philosophy and Sex
(1984), 455, n. 1. For incest as "emotional extortion," see Heller, "Sexual Liberalism," 157.

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