Marketplace of the Marvelous (51 page)

109.
John R. Musick, “Healing Without Medicine,”
Godey's Magazine
, October 1895, 380.

110.
“Mark Twain, Osteopath: Appears at Public Hearing Before Assembly Committee,”
New York Times
, February 28, 1901.

111.
Baer,
Biomedicine and Alternative Healing Systems
, 61.

112.
Charles Warner,
Quacks
(Jackson, MS: printed by the author, 1930), 97.

113.
“The Menace of Chiropractic: Practically No Educational Qualifications Necessary for Matriculation in Chiropractic Colleges,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
80 (March 10, 1923): 715–16.

114.
Morris Fishbein,
The Medical Follies: An Analysis of the Foibles of Some Healing Cults
(New York: Boni and Liveright, 1925), 61.

115.
J. F. Hart, “Did D. D. Palmer Visit A. T. Still in Kirksville?,”
Chiropractic History
17, no. 2 (1997): 49–55.

116.
George Creel, “Making Doctors While You Wait,”
Harper's Weekly
(April 3, 1915): 321.

117.
“Don't Drug Yourself to Death,” advertisement,
St. Paul (MN) Dispatch
, August 27, 1904.

118.
Still,
Osteopathy: Research and Practice
, 433; Centers for Disease Control, “Diphtheria,”
Pinkbook
,
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/dip.pdf;
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 153; Moore,
Chiropractic in America
, 80–81.

119.
“Dr. D. D. Palmer Goes to Jail,”
Davenport (IA) Democrat & Leader
, March 27, 1906; Gielow,
Old Dad Chiro
, 67, 99–104.

120.
Moore,
Chiropractic in America
, 76.

121.
Baer, “Divergence and Convergence,” 185–86.

122.
“Mark Twain, Osteopath,”
New York Times
, February 28, 1901.

123.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 154–55, 158–60; Cohen, “Medical Social Movements,” 102–4.

124.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 159–60; Andrew Taylor Still, “An Appeal to the Thinking Osteopaths of the Profession,”
Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
15 (1915–16): 52.

125.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 182; H. L. Mencken,
Prejudices: Sixth Series
(New York: Octagon, 1977), 224.

126.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 163; Cohen, “Medical Social Movements,” 110–12.

127.
Gevitz, “Osteopathic Medicine,” in
Other Healers
, 153–55; Cohen, “Medical Social Movements,” 115–16.

128.
Raymond J. Roberge and Marc. R. Roberge, “Overcoming Barriers to the Use of Osteopathic Manipulation Techniques in the Emergency Department,”
Western Journal of Emergency Medicine
10, no. 3 (August 2009),
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2729220/;
S. M. Johnson, M. E. Kurtz, and J. C. Kurtz, “Variables Influencing the Use of Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment in Family Practice,”
Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
97, no. 2 (February 1997): 86; Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 179; Cohen, “Medical Social Movements,” 120–22, 144–45; Rosenberg,
Our Present Complaint
, 123.

129.
Baer, “Divergence and Convergence,” 180–81; Cohen, “Medical Social Movements,” 145–46; Shawn A. Silver, “‘Thanks, but no thanks': How Denial of Osteopathic Service in World War I and World War II Shaped the Profession,”
Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
112 (February 1, 2012): 93–97.

130.
Baer,
Biomedicine and Alternative Healing Systems
, 52, 56–57; Eileen L. DiGiovanna et al.,
An Osteopathic Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment
, 3rd ed. (New York: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2005), 8.

131.
Cohen, “Medical Social Movements,” 145; Baer,
Biomedicine and Alternative Healing Systems
, 50–52.

132.
Baer,
Biomedicine and Alternative Healing Systems
, 74.

133.
Gevitz, “Osteopathic Medicine,” in
Other Healers
, 186–89.

134.
J. Licciardone, R. Gamber, and K. Cardarelli, “Patient Satisfaction and Clinical Outcomes Associated with Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment,”
Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
102 (January 2002): 13; M. Pomykala, B. McElhinney, B. L. Beck, and J. E. Carrerio, “Patient Perception of
Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment in Hospitalized Setting: A Survey-Based Study,”
Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
108 (November 2008): 665–66.

135.
Deanna M. Rothwell, Susan J. Bondy, and J. Ivan Williams, “Chiropractic Manipulation and Stroke: A Population-Based Case-Control Study,”
Stroke
32 (2001): 1055, 1059–60; J. David Cassidy et al., “Risk of Vertebrobasilar Stroke and Chiropractic Care,”
Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
32 (February 2009): S208.

136.
Baer,
Biomedicine and Alternative Healing Systems
, 82–84.

137.
B. J. Palmer quoted in Wardwell,
Chiropractic
, 74.

1.
Thomas Lindsley Bradford,
History of the Homeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania
(Lancaster, PA: T. B. & H. B. Cochran, 1898), 279–80; Naomi Rogers,
An Alternative Path: The Making and Remaking of Hahnemann Medical College
(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998), 80; Naomi Rogers, “The Proper Place of Homeopathy: Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital in the Age of Scientific Medicine,”
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
108, no. 2 (April 1984): 179; Philadelphia College of Pharmacy Alumni Association, “Senior Class News,”
Alumni Report
30, issues 1–9 (1894): 36–38.

2.
Cayleff,
Wash and Be Healed
, 169–70; Duffy,
From Humors to Medical Science
, 167–69.

3.
Rosenberg,
Our Present Complaint
, 118–20.

4.
Duffy,
From Humors to Medical Science
, 216–17; ibid., 119.

5.
Whorton, “From Cultism to CAM,” 292–94; Cayleff,
Wash and Be Healed
, 168–70.

6.
Abraham Flexner,
Medical Education in the United States and Canada: A Report to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching
(New York: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1910), 157; Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 226–27; Claire Johnson and Bart Green, “100 Years after the Flexner Report,”
Journal of Chiropractic Education
24, no. 2 (Fall 2010): 145–50.

7.
Mike Mitka, “The Flexner Report at the Century Mark: A Wake-Up Call for Reforming Medical Education,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
15 (April 23, 2010): 1465–66.

8.
Duffy,
From Humors to Medical Science
, 209–13.

9.
Whorton,
Nature Cures
, 226–27.

10.
Duffy,
From Humors to Medical Science
, 212–13.

11.
Flexner,
Medical Education in the United States
, xiv.

12.
Martin, “Chiropractic and the Social Context of Medical Technology,” 815; Meryl S. Justin, “The Entry of Women into Medicine in America: Education and Obstacles, 1847–1910,” Hobart and William Smith Colleges,
http://www.hws.edu/about/blackwell/articles/womenmedicine.aspx;
Flexner quoted in Morantz-Sanchez,
Sympathy and Science
, 343; Starr,
Social Transformation of American Medicine
, 124.

13.
Morantz-Sanchez,
Sympathy and Science
, 65–66, 88–89, 244–49.

14.
Oliver Wendell Holmes, “Notes,”
Maryland Medical Journal
10 (1883): 424.

15.
Morantz, “Women in the Medical Profession,” 163–64.

16.
Kirschmann,
Vital Force
, 119–21; Morantz, “Women in the Medical Profession,” 167; Dodson quoted in Morantz-Sanchez,
Sympathy and Science
, 253; Starr,
Social Transformation of American Medicine
, 124.

17.
Morantz-Sanchez,
Sympathy and Science
, 70; Kirschmann,
Vital Force
, 119–21; Morantz, “Women in the Medical Profession,” 167.

18.
Edward Clarke,
Sex in Education; or, a Fair Chance for Girls
(Boston: James R. Osgood and Company, 1875), 17–18, 31–36.

19.
Stille quoted in Kimmel, “Men's Response to Feminism,” 268.

20.
Ibid., 270.

21.
Ibid., 269–71.

22.
Morantz, “Women in the Medical Profession,” 165–67.

23.
Whorton, “From Cultism to CAM,” 299–300; Robins,
Copeland's Cure
, 223–24.

24.
Robins,
Copeland's Cure
, 223–24, 238, 241.

25.
Twain quoted in Ober,
Mark Twain and Medicine
, 241.

26.
Rosenberg,
Our Present Complain
t, 123.

27.
Ibid., 122–23.

28.
Bara Fintel, Athena T. Samaras, and Edson Carias, “The Thalidomide Tragedy: Lessons for Drug Safety and Regulation,”
Science in Society
(July 28, 2009),
http://scienceinsociety.northwestern.edu/content/articles/2009/research-digest/thalidomide/title-tba;
Duffy,
From Humors to Medical Science
, 241–43.

29.
Whorton, “From Cultism to CAM,” 300–301.

30.
Ibid., 300–2.

31.
Johnston, “Introduction,”
Politics of Healing
, 3.

32.
Cassedy,
Medicine in America
, 191; Reed,
Healing Cults
, 67–71.

33.
Robins,
Copeland's Cure
, 242.

34.
Whorton, “From Cultism to CAM,” 302.

35.
Rustum Roy, “Science and Whole Person Medicine: Enormous Potential
in a New Relationship,”
Bulletin of Science, Technology, and Society
22, no. 5 (October 2002): 377; Rosenberg,
Our Present Complaint
, 118.

36.
American Holistic Medical Association statement in Whorton, “From Cultism to CAM,” 287.

37.
Ibid., 287–88, 302–4.

38.
“Holistic Health Hard to Define,”
Milwaukee Journal
(May 21, 1979), parts 2 and 3.

39.
Whorton, “From Cultism to CAM,” 301–3.

40.
Astin, “Why Patients Use Alternative Medicine”; Rosenberg,
Our Present Complaint
, 113–14; Goldstein,
Alternative Health Care
, 8.

41.
Martin, “Chiropractic and the Social Context of Medical Technology,” 814.

42.
Alex Berman, “The Heroic Approach in 19th-Century Therapeutics,” in Leavitt and Numbers,
Sickness and Health in America
, 81–82.

43.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion,”
http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/overview/index.htm
.

44.
Martin, “‘The Only Truly Scientific Method of Healing,'” 209.

45.
More, Fee, and Parry,
Women Physicians and the Cultures of Medicine
, 10–11.

46.
Cohen, “Medical Social Movements,” 62–64; Duffy,
From Humors to Medical Science
, 169–70.

47.
Goldstein,
Alternative Health Care
, 6.

48.
Patricia M. Barnes, Barbara Bloom, Richard L. Nahin,
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use Among Adults and Children: United States, 2007, National Health Statistics Report
12 (Washington, DC: Centers for Disease Control: December 10, 2008),
http://nccam.nih.gov/sites/nccam.nih.gov/files/news/nhsr12.pdf
..

49.
James Whorton, “The Homeopathy Debate,”
The Alternative Fix, Frontline
, posted November 4, 2003,
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/altmed/themes/homeopathy.html
.

50.
Astin, “Why Patients Use Alternative Medicine.”

51.
Charles Vincent and Adrian Furnham,
Complementary Medicine: A Research Perspective
(Chichester, UK: Wiley & Sons, 1997), 119–21.

52.
Montaigne quoted in Hunter, “A Question of Faith,” 125–28.

53.
Holmes,
Medical Essays
, 1.

54.
Maj-Britt Niemi, “Placebo Effect: A Cure in the Mind,”
Scientific American
, February 25, 2009,
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=placebo-effect-a-cure-in-the-mind
.

55.
Hunter, “A Question of Faith,” 126–27.

56.
“Just the Placebo Effect?,”
Science in School
21,
http://www.scienceinschool.org/2011/issue21/placebo
.

57.
Hunter, “A Question of Faith,” 125–28.

58.
“Think Yourself Better,”
Economist
, May 19, 2011,
http://www.economist.com/node/18710090;
Ted Kaptchuk, “The Placebo Effect in Alternative Medicine: Can the Performance of a Healing Ritual Have Clinical Significance?,”
Annals of Internal Medicine
136, no. 11 (June 4, 2002): 817; Aijing Shang et al., “Are the Clinical Effects of Homeopathy Placebo Effects? Comparative Study of Placebo-Controlled Trials of Homeopathy and Allopathy,”
Lancet
366, no. 9487 (August 2005): 726–32.