Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World (60 page)

30. Al Abram, June 21,1946, In Farouk's Castle;' Tuck to Secretary of State, No. 1648 (June 24, 1945), 2.

31. Al Kutla, June 12,1946, `Welcome Mufti in the field of Jihad,"' Tuck to Secretary of State, No. 1648 (June 24,1945), 2.

32. "Al Misri, June 20,1946;" Tuck to Secretary of State, No.1648 (June 24,1945), 2.

33. "You Arab Hero and Symbol of Jihad: We Are Proud to Have You Here," AlIkhwan Al Muslimin, June 20,1946, translated in Tuck to Secretary of State, No. 1648. On the Muslim Brotherhood, see Richard P. Mitchell, The Society of the Moslem Brothers (NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1969, 1993); and Brynjar Lia, The Society of the Moslem Brothers in Egypt (Reading, U.K.: Ithaca Press, 1998).

34. "One Hair of the Mufti's Is Worth the Jews of the Whole World;" Al Ikhwan Al Muslimun (June 24,1946), Tuck to Secretary of State, No. 1648 (June 24,1945).

35. "Hassan Al-Banna and the Mufti of Palestine" in "Contents of Secret Bulletin of Al Ikhwan al-Muslimin dated it June 1946;" Cairo (July 23,1946), NACP RG 226 (Office of Strategic Services), Washington Registry SI Intelligence, Field Files, entrylo8A, box 15, folder 2.

36. On American intelligence assessments of the consequences of a Jewish state in Palestine, see Joseph Bendersky, The Jewish Threat: Anti-Semitic Politics in the U.S. Army (New York: Basic Books, 2000), 377-87. On the American political response, see Benny Morris, 1948: The FirstArab- Israeli War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), 24.

37. Joint Chiefs of Staff, "Memorandum for the Joint Intelligence Committee: Subject: Intelligence Estimate of the Moslem Situation" (Washington, May 29,1946), NACP RG 226, Records of the Office of Strategic Services, 1941-45, Washington Director's Office Administrative Files, microfilm 1642, roll 24,1015 -17.

38. Joint Intelligence Committee, "Intelligence Estimate of the Moslem Situation, J.I.C. 355/2" (October 1, 1946), NACP RG 226, Records of the Office of Strategic Services, 1941-45, Washington Director's Office Administrative Files, microfilm 1642, roll 7,0495.

39. Joint Intelligence Committee, "Intelligence Estimate of the Moslem Situation, J.I.C. 355/2, Appendix: General Effect Throughout the Moslem World of Implementation of the Report by the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry on Palestine" (October 1,1946), NACP RG 226, Records of the Office of Strategic Services, 1941-45, Washington Director's Office Administrative Files, microfilm 1642, roll 7,0499. NACP RG 226, Records of the Office of Strategic Services, 1941-45, Washington Director's Office Administrative Files, microfilm 1642, roll 7,0497.

40. Joint Intelligence Committee, "Intelligence Estimate of the Moslem Situation, J.I.C. 355/2, Appendix: 3. Possibility of a `Holy War' against all Occidentals" (October 1, 1946), NACP RG 226, Records of the Office of Strategic Services, 1941-45, Washington Director's Office Administrative Files, microfilm 1642, roll 7,0499.

41. Ibid.

42. Pinkney Tuck to Secretary of State, No. 2979, "Memorandum of Conversation between Sheikh Hassan Al Banna and First Secretary Ireland. . . "Cairo (October 24,1947), NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy, General Records, Soo, entry 2410, box 168, folder: Palestine 1.

43. Ibid.

44. `America and the Arab World;' Ikhwan Al Muslimin, October 15,1947, "Enclosure No. 2 to Dispatch No. 2979" (October 24,1947), NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy, General Records, Soo, entry 2410,350/55/l/2, box 168, folder: Palestine 1.

45. "Recent Trends in Palestine Arab Politics," Cairo (November 16,1945), NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy, General Records, 1936-55, 820-820.03, entry 2410, box 134.

46. Alba B. Kerr, "Intelligence Report, Moslem Brotherhood Calls, Report No. 255-47" Mili- taryAttache, Beirut, Lebanaon (September 23,1947), NACP RG 263, entry ZZ-18, box 96, Records of the Central Intelligence Agency, Second Release of Name Files under the Nazi War Crimes and Japan Imperial Disclosure Acts, 1936-2000, Husseini, Amin El, vols. 2-4.

47. Pinkney Tuck to Secretary of State, "A-96;" Cairo (February 5,1948), NACP RG 84, Cairo Embassy General Records, 1936-55, 800, Palestine, entry 2410, box 193.

48. Jefferson Patterson to Secretary of State, "Dispatch 947, Enclosure No. 1, Program of the Ikhwan Al Muslimun," Cairo (November 22,1948), NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy General Records, 1936-55, Political Affairs, Soo C, Egypt, entry 2410, box 193.

49. Ibid.

50. Jefferson Patterson to Secretary of State, "Dispatch 947, Enclosure No. 2, The Brotherhood and the Parties;" Cairo (November 22,1948), NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy General Records, 1936-55, Political Affairs, Soo C, Egypt, entry 2410, box 193.

51. Ibid.

52. See Jeffrey Herf,Reactionary Modernism: Technology, Culture and Politics in Weimar and the Third Reich (NewYork: Cambridge University Press, 1984). On the intertwining of modern and antimodern elements in Arab and Islamist ideologies, see Bassam Tibi, Islamischer Fundamentalismus, moderne Wissenschaft and Technologie (Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp, 1992). On Arab responses to the ideas of German nationalism, see his Arab Nationalism: A Critical Enquiry, ed. and trans. Marion Farouk-Sluglett and Peter Sluglett (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1981); and Arab Nationalism: Between Islam and the Nation-State, 3rd ed. (NewYork: St. Martin's Press, 1997).

53. "Banning of Muslim Brotherhood: Existence a Threat to Public Security," The Times (London) (December 9, 1948), in "London Times Reports Suppression of Moslem Brotherhood in Egypt," American Embassy, Cairo (December 28,1948), NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy General Records, 1936-55, Political Affairs, 800 C, Egypt, entry 2410, box 193. On this also see Mitchell, Society of the Muslim Brothers.

54. Patterson to Secretary of State, A-w02,7 Cairo (December 16,1948), NACP RG 84, Cairo Embassy General Records, 1936-55, Political Affairs, Soo C, Egypt, entry 2410, box 193; Jefferson Patterson to Secretary of State, No.1032, "Continued Government Action against the Moslem Brotherhood;" Cairo (December 22,1948), NACP RG 84, Egypt: Cairo Embassy General Records, 1936-55, Political Affairs, Soo C, Egypt, entry 2410, box 193.

55. "Memorandum of Conversation, Probable Future Trend of Events in Palestine" (January 2, 1948), NACP RG 84, Jerusalem Consulate, General Classified Records, Soo Iraq, Soo Palestine, entry 2778, box 3.

56. Tuck to Secretary of State (January 6,1948), NACP RG 84, Palestine: Jerusalem Consulate, General Classified Records, 123-320, entry 2778, box 1. Other members were: Jamal Al Husseini, Emile Al Ghoury, Hassan Abu Al Saoud, and Ishan Darwish. In May 1947, the editors of The Nation published documents detailing the Nazi past of Husseini and other members of the Arab Higher Committee. See The Nation Associates, The Arab Higher Committee: Its Origins, Personnel and Purposes: The Documentary Record Submitted to the United Nations (NewYork: The Nation Associates, May 1947)

57. Edmund J. Doran to Secretary of State, No. 311, Baghdad (January 13,1948), NACP RG 84, Palestine: Jerusalem Consulate, General Classified Records, 123-320, entry 2778, box 3.

58. Meminger to Secretary of State, "A-164;" Damascus, Syria (March 31,1948), NACP RG 84, Palestine: Cairo Embassy General Records, 1936-55, Political Affairs, 80o Palestine, No. 2, entry 2778, box 188.

59. Tuck to Secretary of State, Washington (April 30,1948), NACP RG 84, Palestine: Jerusalem Consulate, General Classified Records, 123-320, entry 2778, box 1.

60. S. Pinkney Tuck to Secretary of State, "Anti-Jewish Sentiment in Egypt;" Cairo (May 15, 1948), 2, NACP RG 84, Palestine: Jerusalem Consulate, General Classified Records, 123-320, entry 2778, box 1.

61. Ibid.

62. Stanton Griffin to Secretary of State, "Sequestrations of Jewish Ground Property in Egypt;' Cairo (September 15, 1948), NACP RG 84, Palestine: Jerusalem Consulate, General Classified Records, 330- Soo Egypt, entry 2778, box 2.

63. See Rene Wildangel, Zwischen Achse and Mandatsmacht.. Palastina and der Nationalsozialismus (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 2007).

64. See Sayyid Qutb, Our Struggle with theJews, trans. Ronald Nettler in Ronald L. Nettler, Past Trials and Present Tribulations: A Muslim Fundamentalist's View of the Jews (Oxford: Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Pergamon Press, 1987), 72-89. In what follows, I amusing Nettler's translation.

65. On Qutb, also see Olivier Carte, Mysticism and Politics: A Critical Reading of Fi Zilal alQur'an by Sayyid Qutb, 1906-1966, trans. Carol Artigues and rev. by W. Shepard (Leiden: Brill, 2003); Gilles Kepel, The Prophet and Pharaoh: Muslim Extremism in Egypt, trans. Jon Rothschild (London: Al Saqi Books, 1985); Adnan Musallam, From Secularism to Jihad: Sayyid Qutb and the Foundations ofRadical Islamism (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2005).

66. Qutb, Our Struggle with the Jews, 72-74.

67. Ibid., 74-75.

68. Ibid., 75.

69. Ibid., 75-78.

70. Ibid., 78-80.

71. Ibid., 81-82.

72. Ibid., 83. The Koran citation is Qu'ran, Sura 5, verse 82.

73. Ibid., 83.

74. Ibid., 86-87.

75. Yehoshafat Harkabi, Arab Attitudes to Israel (Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press, 1972), 218-29, 263-70.

76. Ibid., 250-53.

77. Cited by Harkabi, in Arab Attitudes to Israel, 235.

78. Johann von Leers, "Judentum and Islam als Gegensatze," Die Judenfrage 6, no. 24 (December 15,1942), 275-78. Also see discussion of same in Herf, Jewish Enemy, 180-81. For an English translation, see Johann von Leers, "Judaism and Islam as Opposites," in Andrew G. Bostom, The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism: From Sacred Texts to Solemn History (New York: Prometheus Books, 2008), 619-25.

79. Also see the Central Intelligence Agency file on von Leers, NACP RG 263, Records of the Central Intelligence Agency, First Release of Name Files under the Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Disclosure Act, box 32.

Conclusion

1. See Jeffrey Herf. "Convergence: The Classic Case-Nazi Germany, Anti-Semitism and Anti-Zionism during World War II," in Jeffrey Herf, ed., Convergence and Divergence: Anti-Semitism and Anti-Semitism in Historical Perspective (London: Routledge, 2007), 50-70.

2. For a fuller elaboration of this issue, see Jeffrey Herf, The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda during World War II and the Holocaust (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006).

3. Helmut Felmy, "German Exploitation of Arab Nationalist Movements in World War II, n.d., NACP, Foreign Ministry Studies, P-2o7; also cited by Klaus-Michael Mallmann and Martin Cuppers, Halbmond and Hakenkreuz: Das Dritte Reich, die Araber and Palastina (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 20o6), too.

4. Jeffrey Herf, "Foreword;" to Matthias Kuntzel, Jihad and Jew-Hatred: Nazism, Islamism and the Roots of 9/11 (New York: Telos Press, 2007), xiii. Also see Jeffrey Herf, "What Is Old and What Is New in the Terrorism of Islamic Fundamentalism," Partisan Review 49, no. i (Winter 2002): 2532. An important study of post-1945 Arab views of the Holocaust was published as this work was going to press. See Meir Litvakand Esther Webman, From Empathy to Denial: Arab Responses to the Holocaust (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009) for abundant material from the Arab press, politics, and intellectual life that adds to our understanding of the issues of change and continuity of wartime mentalities raised in the preceding pages.

Bibliography

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