Out of the Mountains (56 page)

74.
Obika Gray,
Demeaned but Empowered: The Social Power of the Urban Poor in Jamaica
(Kingston: University of the West Indies Press, 2004), 60.

75.
Karl D. Jackson,
Traditional Authority, Islam, and Rebellion: A Study of Indonesian Political Behavior
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).

76.
David J. Kilcullen,
The Accidental Guerrilla: Fighting Small Wars in the Midst of a Big One
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 76.

77.
Author's personal observations and discussions with community elders in Sadr City, Abu Ghraib, Dora, and Kadhimiya districts of Baghdad, March to July 2007.

78.
Ibid.

79.
For a discussion of this concept, see C. Boggs,
Gramsci's Marxism
(London: Pluto, 1976), 39.

Chapter 4

1.
John Pollock, “People Power 2.0: How Civilians Helped Win the Libyan Information War,”
MIT Technology Review
, April 20, 2012, 1.

2.
Ibid.

3.
See Pollock's reporting in
MIT Technology Review
, including “Watching a Digital ‘Jasmine Revolution' Unfold: Using Facebook and Twitter to track trouble on the streets of Tunisia,” June 21, 2011; “Play It Again, King Mohammed: Oldest Arab Monarchy Uses Classical Tactics to Stifle Latest Protests,” June 22, 2011; “Streetbook: How Egyptian and Tunisian Youth Hacked the Arab Spring,” August 23, 2011; and “The Voice of Libya: An Inspiring Story of Citizen Journalism,” September 5, 2011.

4.
In this chapter, as throughout this book, I use the term “connectedness” to describe the general phenomenon of increasingly dense informational, financial, human and electronic linkages among populations across the planet, and the term
connectivity
or
network connectivity
to describe the narrower subset of those linkages that is associated with access to mobile communications technology and, especially, the Internet.

5.
Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms
, United States Government Joint Publication 1–02 (Washington, DC: Department of Defense, 2001), 533.

6.
Ibid.

7.
Obviously, there's a lot more to the international law of armed conflict than just this territorial aspect, and lawyers generally recognize that a person's combatant status “travels” with that person if he or she leaves an area of conflict. My point here is merely that the “theater of war” construct, which drives part of this legal regime, is a spatial one.

8.
Australian Army,
Future Land Warfare Operating Concept: Complex Warfighting
(Canberra: Australian Army Headquarters, Directorate-General of Future Land Warfare, 2004), 8–9.

9.
Karoun Demirjian, “Creech Drone Pilot, Instructor Feted in White House Dinner Honoring Iraq Veterans,”
Las Vegas Sun
, March 2, 2012.

10.
Elisabeth Bumiller, “A Day Job Waiting for a Kill Shot a World Away,”
New York Times
, July 29, 2012.

11.
Relevant Supreme Court judgments include
Hamdi v. Rumsfeld
(2004),
Hamdan v. Rumsfeld
(2006), and
Boumedienne v. Bush
(2008). See also David Rivkin and Lee Casey, “Within His Rights,”
American Lawyer
, February 9, 2013.

12.
See James Gordon Meek and David Saltonstall, “Pakistani Taliban Leader Hakimullah Mehsud Is Brutal Mastermind Behind Thwarted Times Square Bombing,” New York
Daily News
, May 9, 2010; United States Department of State, Rewards for Justice Program, wanted poster for Hakimullah Mehsud, online at www.rewardsforjustice.net/index.cfm?page=mehsud.

13.
Akbar Ahmed,
The Thistle and the Drone: How America's War on Terror Became a Global War on Tribal Islam
(Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2013).

14.
Siobhan Gorman, Yochi Dreazen, and August Cole, “Insurgents Hack U.S. Drones,”
Wall Street Journal
, December 17, 2009.

15.
Ibid.

16.
Ibid.

17.
Noah Schachtman, “Computer Virus Hits U.S. Drone Fleet,”
Wired
, October 7, 2011.

18.
David Sanger,
Confront and Conceal: Obama's Secret Wars and Surprising Use of American Power
(New York: Random House, 2012).

19.
David Sanger, “Obama Order Sped Up Wave of Cyberattacks Against Iran,”
New York Times
, June 1, 2012.

20.
Ibid.

21.
Elisabeth Bumiller and Thom Shanker, “Panetta Warns of Dire Threat of Cyber-attack Against U.S.,”
New York Times
, October 11, 2012.

22.
Mikko Hypponen, “Cyber Pearl Harbor,”
F-Secure
blog, October 18, 2012, online at www.f-secure.com/weblog/archives/00002446.html.

23.
Thomas Rid, “CyberFail: The Obama Administration's Lousy Record on Cyber-Security,”
New Republic
, February 4, 2013.

24.
Pollock, “Streetbook,” 2.

25.
Ibid.

26.
Olivier Kramsch, “Towards a Mediterranean Scale of Governance: Twenty-First Century Urban Networks Across the ‘Inner Sea,'” in Barbara Hooper and Olivier Kramsch, eds.,
Cross-Border Governance in the European Union
(London: Routledge 2007), 200.

27.
Ibid., 4.

28.
Paul Wood, “Gangster's Life of Serb Warlord,” BBC News, January 15, 2000.

29.
Dave Fowler, “Football, Blood and War,”
Observer
, January 18, 2004.

30.
Author's participant observation and discussions with community elders in Dili, Balibo, Ermera, and Batugade districts, East Timor, September 22–23, 1999, November 15, 1999, and January 2, 2000. See analysis in Chapter 4 of David J. Kilcullen, “Political Consequences of Military Operations in Indonesia, 1945–1999,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of New South Wales, 2000.

31.
James M. Dorsey, “Pitched Battles: The Role of Ultra Soccer Fans in the Arab Spring,”
Eurasia Review
, December 24, 2012.

32.
Ibid.

33.
Ibid.

34.
Ibid.

35.
Ibid.

36.
Robert F. Worth, “How a Single Match Can Ignite a Revolution,”
New York Times
, January 21, 2011.

37.
Jonathan Adams, “Tunisian Protests Escalate, Reflecting Widespread Discontent,”
Christian Science Monitor
, January 10, 2011.

38.
See the Web portal of the democracy activist group Nawaat for screenshots of Amamou's smartphone post, at http://nawaat.org/portail/2011/01/06/tunisia-blogger-slim-amamou-arrested-today.

39.
Peter Beaumont, “The Truth About Twitter, Facebook and the Uprisings in the Arab World,”
Guardian
, February 24, 2011.

40.
Ibid.

41.
Ibid.

42.
Pollock, “Streetbook,” 6.

43.
Ibid.

44.
Q
 
uinn Norton, “How Anonymous Picks Targets, Launches Attacks, and Takes Powerful Organizations Down,”
Wired
, July 3, 2012.

45.
Evan Hill, “Hackers Hit Tunisian Websites,” Al Jazeera, January 3, 2011.

46.
See Open Net Initiative at https://opennet.net, WikiLeaks at http://wikileaks.org, Cryptome at http://cryptome.org, and Nawaat at http://nawaat.org.

47.
Kramsch, “Towards a Mediterranean Scale,”

48.
See “Egypt Population Reaches 91 Million, Grows 18 Percent in Eight Years,”
Ahram Online
, August 30, 2012, online at http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/51634.aspx.

49.
Andrew McLaughlin, “Egypt's Big Internet Disconnect,”
Guardian
, January 31, 2011.

50.
Ibid.

51.
David Kirkpatrick and David Sanger, “A Tunisian-Egyptian Link That Shook Arab History,”
New York Times
, February 13, 2011.

52.
Kamel Labidi, “Ben Ali and Mubarak: Brothers in Arms,” Index on Censorship, February 8, 2011, online at www.indexoncensorship.org/2011/02/ben-ali-and-mubarak-brothers-in-arms.

53.
Kirkpatrick and Sanger, “A Tunisian-Egyptian Link.”

54.
Ibid.

55.
Pollock, “Streetbook,” 6.

56.
Q
 
uinn Norton, “2011: The Year Anonymous Took On Cops, Dictators and Existential Dread,”
Wired
, January 11, 2012.

57.
Chavala Madlena, “Telecomix: Tech Support for the Arab Spring,”
Guardian
, July 7, 2011.

58.
John Naughton, “How Twitter Engineers Outwitted Mubarak in One Weekend,”
Observer
, February 6, 2011.

59.
Kirkpatrick and Sanger, “A Tunisian-Egyptian Link.”

60.
Jenna Krajeski, “The Taking of Kasr Al Nil,”
Newsdesk
blog,
New Yorker
, January 28, 2011.

61.
Ibid.

62.
Kareem Fahim, “Egyptian Hopes Converged in Fight for Cairo Bridge,”
New York Times
, January 28, 2011.

63.
Kirkpatrick and Sanger, “A Tunisian-Egyptian Link.”

64.
Krajeski, “The Taking of Kasr Al Nil.”

65.
Fahim, “Egyptian Hopes Converged in Fight for Cairo Bridge.”

66.
Kirkpatrick and Sanger, “A Tunisian-Egyptian Link.”

67.
See “Egyptian Activist Shares Evolution of a Revolution,”
UCLA Today
, n.d., online at http://today.ucla.edu/portal/ut/PRN-activist-ahmed-maher-on-campus-219353.aspx.

68.
Labidi, “Ben Ali and Mubarak.”

69.
“Who Are the Pro-Mubarak Supporters?” Euronews, February 3, 2011, online at http://www.euronews.com/2011/02/03/who-are-the-pro-mubarak-supporters.

70.
“Who Are the Pro-Mubarak Protestors?” MSNBC News, February 2, 2011.

71.
“Gunfire Breaks Out as Mubarak's Allies and Foes Clash,” MSNBC News, February 2, 2011.

72.
Ibid.

73.
Ibid.

74.
Timothy Phelps and Laura King, “Hosni Mubarak Supporters Attack Protestors in Cairo's Tahrir Square,”
Los Angeles Times
, February 2, 2011.

75.
Kirkpatrick and Sanger, “A Tunisian-Egyptian Link.”

76.
Hassan Aly, “Reflections on the Libyan Uprising,” Ohio State University College of Arts and Sciences, February 16, 2011, online at http://artsandsciences.osu.edu/news/reflections-on-the-libyan-uprising.

77.
Simon Shuster, “The Tyrant of Belarus: Gaddafi's Friend Far, Far to the North?”
Time
, March 2, 2011.

78.
Matthew Weaver, “Muammar Gaddafi Condemns Tunisia Uprising,”
Guardian
, January 16, 2011.

79.
Ian Black, “Gaddafi Urges Violent Showdown and Tells Libya ‘I'll Die a Martyr,'”
Guardian
, February 22, 2011.

80.
See Osama Kh. Ali, Noorazuan Hashim, Katiman Rostam, and Hamzah Jusoh, “Population Growth in the Region of Tripoli, Libya,”
Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences
5, no. 11 (November 2011): 1609–15; Central Intelligence Agency, entry for Libya in
The World Factbook, 2012
, online at https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ly.html

81.
Hassan Aly, “Reflections on the Libyan Uprising.”

82.
For example, Benghazi's only sewage treatment plant was four decades old and raw sewage was regularly pumped into the sea. See Andrew Lee Butters, “Dispatch from Libya: Why Benghazi Rebelled,”
Time
, March 3, 2011.

83.
Black, “Gaddafi Urges Violent Showdown.”

84.
Nick Meo, “Libya Protests: 140 ‘Massacred' as Gaddafi Sends In Snipers to Crush Dissent,”
Daily Telegraph
, February 20, 2011.