Out of the Mountains (58 page)

12.
Saleemul Huq and Mozaharul Alam, “Flood Management and Vulnerability of Dhaka City,” in Alcira Kreimer, Margaret Arnold, and Anne Carlin, eds.,
Building Safer Cities: The Future of Disaster Risk
(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2003), 126.

13.
Jo Beall, Basudeb Guha-Khasnobis, and Ravi Kanbur,
Creating Place for the Displaced: Migration and Urbanization in Asia
, paper presented at the 13th Annual Conference of the Global Development Network, 16–18 June, 2012, p.1–5, online at http://www.gdn.int/admin/uploads/editor/files/2012Conf_Papers/Paper_Basudeb%20Guha_1_1.pdf

14.
United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), “Dhaka's Extreme Vulnerability to Climate Change,” State of the World's Cities, 2008/2009, online at http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/presskitsowc2008/Dhaka%20extreme.pdf.

15.
Ibid., 122; Munich Re,
Megacities—Megarisks: Trends and Challenges for Insurance and Risk Management
, online at http://www.preventionweb.net/files/646_10363.pdf, p. 21.

16.
GRID-Arendal Centre, “Potential Impact of Sea-Level Rise on Bangladesh,” online at www.grida.no/publications/vg/climate/page/3086.aspx.

17.
For Hurricane Sandy, see Hal Needham, “Hurricane Sandy Produces Record-Breaking Storm Surge,” Southern Climate Impacts Planning Program, online at www.southernclimate.org/index.php/main/news/451. For Hurricane Katrina, see Richard D. Knabb, Jamie R. Rhome, and Daniel P. Brown,
Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Katrina 23–30 August 2005
(Washington, DC: National Hurricane Center, 2005 [updated 2011]), online at www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL122005_Katrina.pdf.

18.
See, for example, the connections and partners listed on the highly socially networked blog
Life in Rocinha
, online at http://lifeinrocinha.blogspot.com.

19.
See “Police Occupation and UPP,”
Life in Rocinha
, October 15, 2012, online at http://lifeinrocinha.blogspot.com.

20.
“Destroying Makoko,”
Economist
, August 18, 2012.

21.
Ibid.

22.
Ibid.

23.
Adam Nossitter, “Cholera Epidemic Envelops Coastal Slums in West Africa,”
New York Times
, August 22, 2012.

24.
Mike Davis,
Planet of Slums
(London: Verso, 2006), 26.

25.
United Nations News Centre, “Deputy UN Chief Calls for Urgent Action to Tackle Global Sanitation Crisis,” March 21, 2013.

26.
Antonio Giustozzi,
Empires of Mud: Wars and Warlords in Afghanistan
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2012).

27.
Of course, this is true of the natural landscape, too, which is shaped by war in a similar manner. But this happens, if anything, on a much longer time scale even than for urban areas, which are distinguished by the constant and intensive human interaction with the built environment of a densely inhabited landscape.

28.
For a seminal description of hegemonic stability theory and its problems, see Duncan Snidal, “The Limits of Hegemonic Stability Theory,”
International Organization
39, no. 4 (Autumn 1985): 579–614.

29.
Population growth figures drawn from Mongabay, online at http://population.mongabay.com.

30.
Sara V. Flanagan et al., “Mitigation of Arsenic in Tube Well Water in Bangladesh,”
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
, September 14, 2012.

31.
See, for example, Jenny Stefanotti, “Fighting Malaria: The Bed Net Controversy,”
Developing Jen
(blog), April 26, 2009, online at www.developingjen.com/blog/fighting-malaria-the-bed-net-controversy.

32.
See Rajiv Chandrasekaran,
Imperial Life in the Emerald City: Inside Iraq's Green Zone
(New York: Knopf, 2006), and his
Little America: The War Within the War for Afghanistan
(New York: Vintage, 2012); Thomas E. Ricks,
Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq
(New York: Penguin, 2006); George Packer,
The Assassin's Gate: America in Iraq
(New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2006); L. Paul Bremer,
My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope
(New York: Threshold Editions, 2006).

33.
Neil Gaiman and Terry Pratchett,
Good Omens
(London: Gollancz, 1990), 146.

34.
Jacques Attali,
A Brief History of the Future: A Brave and Controversial Look at the Twenty-First Century
, trans. Jeremy Leggatt (New York: Arcade, 2011), 132.

35.
Richard Dobbs, Jeremy Oppenheim, Fraser Thompson, Marcel Brinkman, and Marc Zornes,
Resource Revolution: Meeting the World's Energy, Materials, Food, and Water Needs
(Washington, DC: McKinsey Global Institute, November 2011), 2.

36.
See Witold Rybczynski, “The Green Case for Cities,”
Atlantic
, October 2009; Robert Bryce, “Get Dense,”
City Journal
22, no. 1 (Winter 2012).

37.
Bryce, “Get Dense.”

38.
Zolli and Healy,
Resilience
, 98.

39.
See, for example, Charles Murray's argument in
Coming Apart: The State of White America 1960–2010
(New York: Crown Forum, 2012).

40.
Zolli and Healy,
Resilience
.

41.
See Kylin Navarro, “Liberian Women Act to End Civil War, 2003,” case study at Swarthmore College Global Nonviolent Action Database, October 2010, online at http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/liberian-women-act-end-civil-war-2003.

42.
Ibid.

43.
United States Institute of Peace,
Women's Role in Liberia's Reconstruction
(Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace, May 2007).

44.
The Yemeni journalist Tawakkol Karman was separately honored with a Nobel Peace Prize in 2011 for her part in the peaceful overthrow of President Ali Abdullah Saleh during Yemen's 2011 uprising, mentioned briefly in Chapter 4.

45.
For a description of Gbowee's experience, including her mentoring by Doe and Ekiyor and the support of external organizations and expertise, see her memoir: Leymah Gbowee and Carol Mithers,
Mighty Be Our Powers
(New York: Beast Books, 2011).

46.
Ibid.

47.
For a description of JTF Liberia, see Blair A. Ross, “The U.S. Joint Task Force Experience in Liberia,”
Military Review
, May-June 2005, 60–67; for the UN peacekeeping mission, see http://unmil.unmissions.org.

48.
For a street-level description of this program, see Beth Cohen, “On the Street with Violence Interrupters,” Pop!Tech, June 7, 2010, online at http://poptech.org/blog/on_the_street_with_violence_interrupters.

49.
Alex Kotlowitz, “Blocking the Transmission of Violence,”
New York Times Magazine
, May 4, 2008.

50.
Ibid.

51.
See Cure Violence's website at http://cureviolence.org for details of the program.

52.
Gary Slutkin biography at Cure Violence website, online at http://cureviolence.org/staff-member/gary-slutkin.

Appendix

1.
John Paul Vann, quoted in Neil Sheehan,
A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam
(New York: Random House, 1988), 67.

2.
See Bruce Elleman,
Waves of Hope: The U.S. Navy's Response to the Tsunami in Northern Indonesia
(Newport, RI: Naval War College Press, 2007).

3.
See United States, Government Accountability Office, “State Department: The July 2006 Evacuation of American Citizens from Lebanon,” memo dated July 7, 2007, online at www.gao.gov/new.items/d07893r.pdf.

4.
See “France Confirms Failed Somalia Hostage Rescue Attempt,” Al Jazeera, January 13, 2013.

5.
As we noted in Chapter 4, there have been instances where nonstate armed groups, attacked by powerful expeditionary militaries, have mounted retaliatory attacks against those forces' homelands. The Pakistani Taliban-sponsored attempt to bomb Times Square in New York City is one such example; the London bombing of July 7, 2005, shows a similar pattern, in that three of the four bombers were of Pakistani immigrant descent (the fourth was a Jamaican immigrant) and their expressed motivation was retaliation for Western (including British) support of actions—including expeditionary operations in Iraq and Afghanistan—they deemed as “anti-Islamic.”

6.
See Charles Krulak, “The Three Block War: Fighting in Urban Areas,”
Vital Speeches of the Day
64, no. 5 (December 15, 1997): 139–41; Charles Krulak, “The Strategic Corporal: Leadership in the Three Block War,”
Marine Corps Gazette
83, no. 1 (January 1999): 18–23.

7.
See, for example, Walter Dorn and Michael Varey, “Fatally Flawed: The Rise and Demise of the ‘Three-Block War' Concept in Canada,”
International Journal
63, no. 4 (Autumn 2008): 967–78, and Hans de Marie Hengoup, “Tactique et stratégie dans la guerre nouvelle: place du caporal stratégique,”
Revue Défense National
(Paris) 128 (2011): 1–5.

8.
Dorn and Varey, “Fatally Flawed.”

9.
See the Cartography of the Anthropocene images by Felix Pharand-Deschenes at Globaia, online at http://globaia.org/en/anthropocene/#Maps.

10.
Author's interview with Admiral Thisara Samarasinghe, commander of the Sri Lanka Navy, Colombo, June 2, 2011.

11.
Ibid.

12.
Author's interview with officers of the 4th Fast Attack Flotilla, Sri Lanka, Colombo, June 1, 2011.

13.
Public Radio International, “Maritime Immigrant, Drug Smuggling Picking Up Along California Coast,” January 18, 2013.

14.
Author's interview with John P. Sullivan, Los Angeles, November 9, 2012.

15.
Tom Phillips, “Brazil Creating Anti-Pirate Force After Spate of Attacks on Amazon Riverboats,”
Guardian
, June 17, 2011.

16.
Ibid.

17.
United States Special Operations Command,
U.S. SOCOM Factbook 2012
(Tampa, FL: U.S. Special Operations Command, 2012), 28.

18.
See Louis Hansen, “New Riverine Force Will Take Fight Upriver in Iraq,”
Virginian-Pilot
, April 10, 2006, and Erik Sofge, “Behind the Scenes with a Special Operations Boat Crew,”
Popular Mechanics
, October 1, 2009,

19.
Interviews with SWCC crews, SEAL officers, and navy intelligence support team, Baghdad, June 3, 2007.

20.
See the official Royal Navy unit Web page at www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/The-Royal-Marines/3-Commando-Brigade/539-Assault-Squadron.

21.
Information on the Stridsbåt 90H is at www.soldf.com/strb90h.html.

22.
For a detailed timeline and description of the disaster, see Ingrid Eckerman,
The Bhopal Saga—Causes and Consequences of the World's Largest Industrial Disaster
(New Delhi: Universities Press, 2005).

23.
Ibid.

24.
For the company's version, see Union Carbide, “Statement of Union Carbide Corporation Regarding the Bhopal Tragedy,” 2012, online at www.bhopal.com/~/media/Files/Bhopal/ucs_2012.pdf.

25.
For an account of the Halifax disaster, see David Flemming,
Explosion in Halifax Harbour: The Illustrated Account of a Disaster That Shook the World
(Halifax, NS: Formac, 2004). For a description of the Texas City explosion, see Hugh Stephens,
The Texas City Disaster, 1947
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997).

26.
U.S. Department of Defense,
Amphibious Operations
, JP 3–02 (Washington, DC: Department of Defense, August 2009), I-2.

27.
See Russell Stolfi, “A Critique of Pure Success: Inchon Revisited, Revised, and Contrasted,”
Journal of Military History
68, no. 2 (April 2004): 505–25.

28.
United Kingdom Ministry of Defence,
Operations in Iraq: Lessons for the Future
(London: DCCS, 2003), 11.

29.
Ibid., 11–13.

30.
Ibid., 13.

31.
U.S. Department of Defense,
Joint Forcible Entry Operations
, JP 3–18 (Washington, DC: Department of Defense, 2012).

32.
Department of Defense,
Amphibious Operations
, IV-1.