Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension Of American Racism (119 page)

BOOK: Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension Of American Racism
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University Park, Maryland
 
University Park, Texas
 
Upper Peninsula of Michigan
 
Urbana, Ohio
 
urban communities.
See
metropolitan areas
 
Urban Inequality
 
U.S. Army alpha test
 
U.S. Census
 
American Housing Survey
 
Counties with No or Few African Americans
 
official racial classification
 
See also
demographics
 
U.S. government
 
affirmative action
 
anti-lynching legislation
 
Civil Rights Act of 1866
 
Civil Rights Amendments to the Constitution
 
civil rights legislation
 
Community Reinvestment Act of 1977
 
creation of sundown towns
 
defense contractors
 
enforcement of integration
 
Fair Employment Practices Commission
 
Fair Housing Act of 1968
 
Fair Housing Act Amendment of 1988
 
federal funding eligibility
 
future options
 
guarantees for Native Americans
 
Home Mortgage Disclosure Act of 1975
 
home mortgage tax exemptions
 
Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Department
 
housing policies
 
housing projects
 
immigration restrictions
 
imperialism
 
inheritance tax
 
insurance requirements
 
international environment
 
legalization of segregation
 
Lodge’s Federal Elections Bill
 
military bases
 
No Child Left Behind Act
 
presidential elections of 1964–1972
 
reparations to Japanese Americans
 
sanctions for sundown towns
 
Social Security
 
tax rates
 
Veterans Administration
 
See also
Federal Housing Administration
 
U.S. Navy segregation
 
U.S. Supreme Court
 
Brown v. Board of Education
 
Buchanan v. Warley
 
Corrigan v. Buckley
 
Dred Scot
case of 1857
 
Jones v. Mayer
case
 
Lee Sing
case
 
Milliken v. Bradley
 
Nixon appointments
 
Plessy v. Ferguson
 
Shelley v. Kraemer
 
Trafficante v. Met Life et al.
 
Utah
 
county demographics
 
Utica, Indiana
 
 
Valdez, Leonard
 
Valley Stream, New York
 
Valparaiso, Indiana
 
affordable housing
 
Ku Klux Klan
 
present status
 
Valparaiso University
 
Vandalia, Illinois
 
Van Gilder, Marvin
 
Van Peebles, Melvin
 
Van Winkle, Aaron “Rock”
 
Vardaman, James K.
 
Vaughan, Sarah
 
Veblen, Thorstein
 
Vermont
 
county demographics
 
Veterans Administration
 
Vidor, Texas
 
departure of blacks in 1990s
 
Ku Klux Klan
 
notoriety
 
present status
 
Vienna, Illinois
 
Vietnam War
 
Villa Grove, Illinois
 
black workers
 
denials of racism
 
present status
 
sundown siren
 
Villa Park, Illinois
 
Villisca, Iowa
 
Vincent, Stephen
 
Virden, Illinois
 
Virginia
 
Virgin Islands
 
Visalia, California
 
Voight, Jon
 
Voigt, J. R.
 
voluntary minorities
 
Vonnegut, Kurt
 
voting rights
 
all-black towns
 
Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution
 
legal repeals
 
literacy requirements
 
Ocoee, Florida riot
 
Voting Rights Act of 1965
 
 
Waalkes, Mary
 
Wake County, North Carolina
 
Walker, Alice
 
Walker, Billy
 
Walker, John J.
 
walking while black
 
Wallace, George
 
Wallace, Idaho
 
Wallace, J. J.
 
Wal-Mart corporate headquarters
 
Wang, Kung Lee
 
Ward, Victor
 
Warren, Earl
 
Warren, Michigan
 
black workers
 
boundary with Detroit
 
notoriety
 
present status
 
school desegregation efforts
 
Warren County, Pennsylvania
 
Warsaw, Illinois
 
Washabaugh, George
 
Washington
 
county demographics
 
Washington, Booker T.
 
Washington, D. C.
 
attacks on black neighborhoods
 
black suburbs
 
Capital Hill neighborhood gentrification
 
crime stereotypes
 
the Great Retreat
 
National Fair Housing Alliance
 
present status
 
real estate practices
 
Redskins
 
Washington, Denzel
 
Washington County, Indiana
 
Waterloo, Iowa
 
Watermelon Man
(film)
 
Watts neighborhood, California
 
Waverly, Ohio
 
Wayne County, Pennsylvania
 
Weatherford, Willis
 
Weaver, Arthur
 
Webb, John
 
Webb City, Missouri
 
web resources.
See
internet resources
 
Webster Groves, Missouri
 
Wegars, Priscilla
 
Wehrum, Pennsylvania
 
Weinberg, Carl
 
Weir City, Kansas
 
Weiss, Richard
 
Welch, Jonathan and Amy
 
Welch, Robert
 
Weleetka, Oklahoma
 
Wells, Eulalia
 
West
 
the Great Retreat
 
immigration
 
present status
 
See also
Chinese Americans
 
West Baden, Indiana
 
West Bend, Wisconsin
 
West Branch, Iowa
 
Westfield, Illinois
 
West Frankfort, Illinois
 
anti-Sicilian riot
 
denials of racism
 
expulsions of blacks
 
federal funds
 
interracial sports
 
Ku Klux Klan
 
present status
 
reparations
 
West Lawn, Illinois
 
West Los Angeles, California
 
West Palm Beach, Florida
 
West Virginia
 
county demographics
 
the Great Retreat
 
school segregation
 
Wheatland, Missouri
 
Wheeler County, Texas
 
White, Bianca
 
White, George, H.
 
white Americans
 
assumptions of privilege
 
belief in meritocracy
 
creation of racism
 
creation of whiteness
 
denials of racism
 
ethnocentrism
 
fear of black areas
 
friendships with blacks
 
future minority status
 
impact of sundown towns
 
lack of diversity
 
minstrelsy
 
paradox of exclusive neighborhoods
 
preference for residential segregation
 
present inclusion of ethnic minorities
 
racial stereotypes
 
racist humor
 
racist symbols and mascots
 
racist terminology
 
soclexia
 
sports
 
teaching racism
 
tipping point theory
 
urban gentrification
 
white flight
 
white privilege

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