The Creation of Inequality: How Our Prehistoric Ancestors Set the Stage for Monarchy, Slavery, and Empire (91 page)

  93   Elizabeth A. Cashdan, “Egalitarianism among Hunters and Gatherers,”
American Anthropologist
82 (1980): 116–120.

  93   Jacques Barrau, in “L’Humide et le Sec: An Essay on Ethnobiological Adaptation to Contrastive Environments in the Indo-Pacific Area,”
Journal of the Polynesian Society
74 (1965): 329–346, introduced us to the key plants in New Guinea agriculture. Chapter 7 in Peter Bellwood,
First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies
(Blackwell, Oxford, 2005), summarizes what is now known of the origins of agriculture in New Guinea.

  94   Raymond C. Kelly,
Constructing Inequality: The Fabrication of a Hierarchy of Virtue among the Etoro
(University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1993). See also Raymond C. Kelly,
Etoro Social Structure: A Study in Structural Contradiction
(University of Michigan Press, 1974).

  95   Paula Brown,
The Chimbu: A Study of Change in the New Guinea Highlands
(Schenkmen, Cambridge, Mass., 1972). See also Paula Brown, “Chimbu Tribes: Political Organization in the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea,”
Southwestern Journal of Anthropology
16 (1960): 22–35; Harold C. Brookfield and Paula Brown,
Struggle for Land: Agriculture and Group Territories among the Chimbu of the New Guinea Highlands
(Oxford University Press, 1963).

  97   Bruce M. Knauft,
South Coast New Guinea Cultures: History, Comparison, Dialectic
(Cambridge University Press, 1993).

  99   Pauline Wiessner and Akii Tumu,
Historical Vines: Enga Networks of Exchange, Ritual, and Warfare
(Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 1998). See, also, Mervyn J. Meggitt, “System and Subsystem: The ‘Te’ Exchange Cycle among the Mae Enga,”
Human Ecology
1 (1972): 111–123.

101   Marilyn Strathern,
Women in Between: Female Roles in a Male World, Mount Hagen, New Guinea
(Seminar Press, London, 1972).

101   Andrew Strathern,
The Rope of Moka: Big-Men and Ceremonial Exchange in Mount Hagen, New Guinea
(Cambridge University Press, 1971).

105   John H. Hutton,
The Angami Nagas
(Macmillan & Co., London, 1921).

CHAPTER 7: THE RITUAL BUILDINGS OF ACHIEVEMENT-BASED SOCIETIES

111   James P. Mills,
The Rengma Nagas
(Macmillan & Co., London, 1937).

113   James P. Mills,
The Ao Nagas
(Macmillan & Co., London, 1926).

113   Maureen Anne MacKenzie,
Androgynous Objects: String Bags and Gender in New Guinea
(Harwood Academic Publishers, Melbourne, Australia, 1991).

115   Fredrik Barth,
Cosmologies in the Making: A Generative Approach to Cultural Variation in Inner New Guinea
(Cambridge University Press, 1987).

115   Igor Kopytoff, “Ancestors as Elders in Africa,”
Africa
41 (1971): 129–141.

117   Douglas L. Oliver,
A Solomon Island Society
(Harvard University Press, 1955).

CHAPTER 8: THE PREHISTORY OF THE RITUAL HOUSE

122   For a summary of scholarly debates on the origins of agriculture in the Near East, see Michael Balter, “Seeking Agriculture’s Ancient Roots,”
Science
316 (2007): 1830–1835.

122   For discussions of Ohalo II, see Nigel Goring-Morris and Anna Belfer-Cohen, “Structures and Dwellings in the Upper and Epi-Paleolithic (ca. 42–10 k BP) Levant: Profane and Symbolic Uses,” in S. A. Vasil’ev, Olga Soffer, and J. Kozlowski, eds., “Perceived Landscapes and Built Environments,”
BAR International Series
1122 (Archaeopress, Oxford, 2003), 65–81; Dani Nadel et al., “Stone Age Hut in Israel Yields World’s Oldest Evidence of Bedding,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
101 (2004): 6821–6826; Ehud Weiss et al., “The Broad Spectrum Revisited: Evidence from Plant Remains,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
101 (2004): 9551–9555; Dolores R. Piperno, Ehud Weiss, and Dani Nadel, “Processing of Wild Cereal Grains in the Upper Paleolithic Revealed by Starch Grain Analysis,”
Nature
430 (2004): 670–673.

123   Stefan Karol Kozlowski, ed., “M’lefaat: Early Neolithic Site in Northern Iraq,”
Cahiers de l’Euphrate
8 (1998): 179–273.

123   El-Wad Cave is described in Dorothy A. E. Garrod and Dorothea M. A. Bate,
The Stone Age of Mt. Carmel,
vol. 1 (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1937). Natufian use of dentalium is discussed by Daniella E. Bar-Yosef Mayer, “The Exploitation of Shells as Beads in the Paleolithic and Neolithic of the Levant,”
Paléorient
31 (2005): 176–185.

126   Ofer Bar-Yosef, B. Arensburg, and Eitan Tchernov,
Hayonim Cave: Natufian Cemetery and Habitation
(Bema’aravo Shel Galil, Haifa, 1974); Anna Belfer-Cohen, “The Natufian Settlement at Hayonim Cave” (PhD diss., Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 1988); Patricia Smith, “Family Burials at Hayonim,”
Paléorient
1 (1973): 69–71.

126   Dorothy A. E. Garrod and Dorothea M. A. Bate, “Excavations at the Cave of Shukbah, Palestine, 1928,”
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society for 1942,
n.s., vol. 8 (1942): 1–20.

127   Jean Perrot, “Le Gisement Natoufien de Mallaha (Eynan), Israël,”
L’Anthropologie
70 (1966): 437–483; François R. Valla, “Les Natoufiens de Mallaha et l’Espace,” in Ofer Bar-Yosef and François R. Valla, eds.,
The Natufian Culture in the Levant
(International Monographs in Prehistory, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1991), 111–122.

127   Wadi Hammeh 27 is discussed in Nigel Goring-Morris and Anna Belfer-Cohen, “Structures and Dwellings in the Upper and Epi-Paleolithic (ca. 42–10 k BP) Levant” (see previous reference).

127   Natalie D. Munro and Leore Grosman, “Early Evidence (ca. 12,000 B.P.) for Feasting at a Burial Cave in Israel,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
107 (2010): 15362–15366.

128   Klaus Schmidt, “Göbekli Tepe, Southeastern Turkey: A Preliminary Report on the 1995–1999 Excavations,”
Paléorient
26 (2001): 45–54; also see Klaus Schmidt,
Sie Bauten die Ersten Tempel: Das Rätselhafte Heiligtum der Steinzeitjäger—Die Archaeologische Entdeckung am Göbekli Tepe
(Verlag C. H. Beck, Munich, 2006).

131   Harald Hauptmann, “Ein Kultgebäude in Nevali Çori,” in Marcella Frangipane et al., eds.,
Between the Rivers and Over the Mountains
(Università di Roma “La Sapienza,” Rome, 1993), 37–69.

131   Andrew M. T. Moore, Gordon C. Hillman, and Anthony J. Legge,
Village on the Euphrates: From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra
(Oxford University Press, 2000).

132   Nikolai O. Bader, “Tell Maghzaliyah: An Early Neolithic Site in Northern Iraq,” in Norman Yoffee and Jeffrey J. Clark, eds.,
Early Stages in the Evolution of Mesopotamian Civilization
(University of Arizona Press, 1993), 7–40.

134   Kathleen Kenyon’s comments on the plastered skulls from Jericho are taken from her book
Archaeology in the Holy Land, Third Edition
(Praeger, New York, 1970).

134   Gary O. Rollefson, Alan H. Simmons, and Zeidan Kafafi, “Neolithic Cultures at ‘Ain Ghazal, Jordan,”
Journal of Field Archaeology
19 (1992): 443–470.

136   The ritual buildings of Çayönü are discussed in Mehmet Özdoğan and A. Özdoğan, “Çayönü: A Conspectus of Recent Work,”
Paléorient
15 (1989): 65–74, and in Wulf Schirmer, “Some Aspects of Building at the ‘Aceramic-Neolithic’ Settlement of Çayönü Tepesi,”
World Archaeology
21 (1990): 363–387. The first excavators of Çayönü were Robert Braidwood, Halet Çambel, Charles Redman, and Patty Jo Watson. See their “Beginnings of Village-Farming Communities in Southeastern Turkey,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
68 (1971): 1236–1240.

139   Overviews of the sites of Gheo-Shih and Guilá Naquitz Cave can be found in Joyce Marcus and Kent V. Flannery,
Zapotec Civilization: How Urban Society Evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley
(Thames and Hudson, London, 1996).

141   Richard S. MacNeish et al., eds.,
The Prehistory of the Tehuacán Valley, vol. 5: Excavations and Reconnaissance
(University of Texas Press, Austin, 1972).

141   Jane E. Dorweiler and John Doebley, “Developmental Analysis of Teosinte Glume Architecture 1: A Key Locus in the Evolution of Maize (Poaceae),”
American Journal of Botany
84 (1997): 1313–1322; Adam Eyre-Walker et al., “Investigation of the Bottleneck Leading to the Domestication of Maize,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
95 (1998): 4441–4446; Yoshiro Matsuoka et al., “A Single Domestication for Maize Shown by Multilocus Microsatellite Genotyping,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
99 (2002): 6080–6084; Viviane Jaenicke-Després et al., “Early Allelic Selection in Maize as Revealed by Ancient DNA,”
Science
302 (2003): 1206–1208.

141   Dolores R. Piperno and Kent V. Flannery, “The Earliest Archaeological Maize (
Zea mays
L.) from Highland Mexico: New Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Dates and Their Implications,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
98 (2001): 2101–2103; Bruce F. Benz, “Archaeological Evidence of Teosinte Domestication from Guilá Naquitz, Oaxaca,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
98 (2001): 2104–2106. For additional evidence of early maize, see Dolores R. Piperno et al., “Late Pleistocene and Holocene Environmental History of the Iguala Valley, Central Balsas Watershed of Mexico,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
104 (2007): 11874–11881.

142   The Atexcala Canyon site is reported in Richard S. MacNeish and Angel García Cook, “Excavations in the San Marcos Locality in the Travertine Slopes,” in Richard S. MacNeish et al., eds.,
Prehistory of the Tehuacán Valley, vol. 5: Excavations and Reconnaissance
(University of Texas Press, 1972), 137–160.

142   Atlatl point exchange at Cueva Blanca is described in Joyce Marcus and Kent V. Flannery,
Zapotec Civilization.

143   The men’s houses at San José Mogote are described in Joyce Marcus and Kent V. Flannery,
Zapotec Civilization.

144   Daniel H. Sandweiss et al., “Early Maritime Adaptations in the Andes: Preliminary Studies at the Ring Site, Peru,” in Don S. Rice, Charles Stanish, and Phillip R. Scarr, eds., “Ecology, Settlement and History in the Osmore Drainage, Peru,”
BAR International Series
545 (Archaeopress, Oxford, 1989), 35–84.

145   Melinda A. Zeder, Daniel G. Bradley, Eve Emshwiller, and Bruce D. Smith, eds.,
Documenting Domestication: New Genetic and Archaeological Paradigms
(University of California Press, 2006); Tom D. Dillehay et al., “Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru,”
Science
316 (2007): 1890–1893.

146   C. A. Aschero and Hugo D. Yacobaccio, “20 Años Después: Inca Cueva 7 Reinterpretado,”
Cuadernos del Instituto Nacional de Antropología y Pensamiento Latinoamericano
18 (1998–1999): 7–18. See, also, Guillermo L. Mengoni Goñalons and Hugo D. Yacobaccio, “The Domestication of South American Camelids: A View from the South-Central Andes,” in Melinda A. Zeder, Daniel G. Bradley, Eve Emshwiller, and Bruce D. Smith, eds.,
Documenting Domestication: New Genetic and Archaeological Paradigms
(University of California Press, 2006), 228–244.

146   Mark S. Aldenderfer,
Montane Foragers: Asana and the South-Central Andean Archaic
(University of Iowa Press, 1998).

147   Jane C. Wheeler, “La Domesticación de la Alpaca (
Lama pacos
L.) y la Llama (
Lama glama
L.) y el Desarrollo Temprano de la Ganadería Autóctona en los Andes Centrales,”
Boletín de Lima
36 (1984): 74–84.

147   Jane C. Wheeler, Lounès Chikhi, and Michael W. Bruford, “Genetic Analysis of the Origins of Domestic South American Camelids,” in Melinda A. Zeder, Daniel G. Bradley, Eve Emshwiller, and Bruce D. Smith, eds.,
Documenting Domestication,
329–341. See also M. Kadwell et al., “Genetic Analysis Reveals the Wild Ancestors of the Llama and Alpaca,”
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
268 (2001): 2575–2584.

147   For useful overviews of the earliest Andean societies, see Danièle Lavallée,
The First South Americans
(University of Utah Press, 2000); Michael E. Moseley,
The Incas and Their Ancestors
(Thames and Hudson, London, 1992).

148   Robert A. Benfer, “The Challenges and Rewards of Sedentism: The Preceramic Village of Paloma, Peru,” in Mark Nathan Cohen and George Armelagos, eds.,
Paleopathology at the Origin of Agriculture
(Academic Press, New York, 1984), 531–558; Jeffrey Quilter,
Life and Death at Paloma: Society and Mortuary Practices in a Preceramic Peruvian Village
(University of Iowa Press, 1989).

148   Christopher B. Donnan, “An Early House from Chilca, Peru,”
American Antiquity
30 (1964): 137–144.

149   Terence Grieder, Alberto Bueno Mendoza, C. Earle Smith Jr., and Robert M. Malina,
La Galgada, Peru: A Preceramic Culture in Transition
(University of Texas Press, 1988).

151   Richard L. Burger and Lucy Salazar-Burger, “The Early Ceremonial Center of Huaricoto,” in Christopher B. Donnan, ed.,
Early Ceremonial Architecture in the Andes
(Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C., 1985), 111–138.

151   Seiichi Izumi and Toshihiko Sono,
Andes 2: Excavations at Kotosh, Peru, 1960
(Kadokawa Press, Tokyo, 1963).

CHAPTER 9: PRESTIGE AND EQUALITY IN FOUR NATIVE AMERICAN SOCIETIES

154   W. H. Wills, in
Early Prehistoric Agriculture in the American Southwest
(School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, NM, 1988), describes Bat Cave.