The Creation of Inequality: How Our Prehistoric Ancestors Set the Stage for Monarchy, Slavery, and Empire (99 page)

Figure 1 (JK):
The seal diagram was inspired by a sketch in Frans Van de Velde, “Les Règles du Partage des Phoques pris par la Chasse aux Aglus,”
Anthropologica
3 (1956): 5–14.

Figure 2 (JK):
This diagram is based on data given on page 70 of John E. Yellen,
Archaeological Approaches to the Present
(Academic Press, New York, 1977).

Figure 3 (JK):
The plan of the Andaman encampment was redrawn, with modification, from a diagram in A. R. Radcliffe-Brown,
The Andaman Islanders
(Cambridge University Press, 1922). The drawing of the girl was inspired by a photo taken between 1906 and 1908 and published in the same book.

Figure 4 (JK):
This drawing is a montage, based on three different 100-year-old photos taken by Baldwin Spencer and F. J. Gillen,
The Northern Tribes of Central Australia
(Macmillan & Co., London, 1904).

Figure 5 (JK):
This drawing was inspired by a 100-year-old photo taken by Baldwin Spencer and F. J. Gillen,
The Northern Tribes of Central Australia
(Macmillan & Co., London, 1904).

Figure 6 (JK):
This drawing was inspired by a 100-year-old photo taken by George Hunt at Jewitt’s Lake, British Columbia. See page 259 of Peter Nabokov and Robert Easton,
Native American Architecture
(Oxford University Press, 1989).

Figure 7 (JK):
This diagram is based on data given by Philip Drucker, “The Northern and Central Nootkan Tribes,”
Bulletin
114 (Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1951).

Figure 8 (JK):
This drawing is a montage. The Tlingit chief was inspired by Photo SITK-3926 in the archives of Sitka National Historical Park, Alaska (taken by Elbridge Warren Merrill between 1919 and 1922). The cedar screen and carved post were inspired by photos of a Tlingit house torn down in the late nineteenth century. Color paintings of this house were published by George T. Emmons, “The Whale House of the Chilkat,”
Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History
19 (1916): 1–33.

Figure 9 (JK):
This drawing is a montage. It was inspired by two different photos, taken during the 1960s, by Andrew Strathern,
The Rope of Moka
(Cambridge University Press, 1971).

Figure 10 (JK):
This drawing was inspired by a 100-year-old photograph taken by T. C. Hodson, “Head-hunting among the Hill Tribes of Assam,”
Folklore
20 (1909): 132–143.

Figure 11 (KC):
These plans of men’s houses were redrawn, with modification, from diagrams in James P. Mills,
The Rengma Nagas
(Macmillan & Co., London, 1937).

Figure 12 (KC):
This map was redrawn, with modification, from an illustration in Maureen Anne Mackenzie,
Androgynous Objects: String Bags and Gender in New Guinea
(Harwood Academic Publishers, Melbourne, Australia, 1991).

Figure 13 (JK):
This drawing was inspired by a photo taken between 1938 and 1939 by Douglas L. Oliver,
A Solomon Island Society
(Harvard University Press, 1955).

Figure 14, top (JK):
Redrawn, with modification, from Stefan Carol Kozlowski, “M’lefaat: Early Neolithic Site in Northern Iraq,”
Cahiers de l’Euphrate
8 (1998): 179–273.

Figure 14, bottom (JK):
Redrawn, with modification, from Nigel Goring-Morris and Anna Belfer-Cohen, “Structures and Dwellings in the Upper and Epi-Paleolithic (ca. 42–10 k BP) Levant: Profane and Symbolic Uses,” in S. A. Vasil’ev, Olga Soffer, and J. Kozlowski, eds., “Perceived Landscapes and Built Environments,”
BAR International Series
1122 (Archaeopress, Oxford, UK, 2003), 65–81.

Figure 15, top (KC):
This drawing was inspired by photographs in Klaus Schmidt,
Sie Bauten die Ersten Tempel: Das Rätselhafte Heiligtum der Steinzeitjäger
(Verlag C. H. Beck, Munich, 2006).

Figure 15, bottom (KC):
This drawing was inspired by photographs in Harald Hauptmann, “Ein Kultgebäude in Nevali Çori,” in Marcella Frangipane et al., eds.,
Between the Rivers and Over the Mountains
(Università di Roma “La Sapienza,” Rome, 1993), 37–69.

Figure 16, top (JK):
Redrawn, with modifications, from Andrew M. T. Moore, Gordon C. Hillman, and Anthony J. Legge,
Village on the Euphrates
(Oxford University Press, 2000).

Figure 16, bottom (JK):
Redrawn, with modifications, from Mehmet Özdoğan and A. Özdoğan, “Çayönü: A Conspectus of Recent Work,”
Paléorient
15 (1989): 65–74.

Figure 17, left (JK):
This drawing was inspired by a photo in Kathleen Kenyon,
Archaeology in the Holy Land, Third Edition
(Praeger, New York, 1970).

Figure 17, right (JK):
This drawing was inspired by a photo in Gary O. Rollefson, Alan H. Simmons, and Zeidan Kafafi, “Neolithic Cultures at ‘Ain Ghazal, Jordan,”
Journal of Field Archaeology
19 (1992): 443–470.

Figure 18 (JK):
Redrawn, with modifications, from Mehmet Özdoğan and A. Özdoğan (see reference to
Figure 16, bottom
).

Figure 19, top (KC):
Redrawn, with modification, from Joyce Marcus and Kent V. Flannery,
Zapotec Civilization
(Thames and Hudson, London, 1996).

Figure 19, bottom (KC):
Redrawn, with modification, from Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus, “Early Formative Pottery of the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico,”
Memoir
27 (Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1994).

Figure 20, top (KC):
Redrawn, with modification, from Terence Grieder et al.,
La Galgada, Peru
(University of Texas Press, 1988).

Figure 20, bottom (KC):
Redrawn, with modification, from Seiichi Izumi, “The Development of the Formative Culture in the Ceja de Montaña: A Viewpoint Based on the Materials from the Kotosh Site,” in Elizabeth P. Benson, ed.,
Dumbarton Oaks Conference on Chavín
(Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C., 1971), 49–72.

Figure 21 (KC):
Redrawn, with modification, from Alfonso Ortiz,
The Tewa World
(University of Chicago Press, 1969).

Figure 22 (JK):
This drawing was inspired by a 100-year-old photograph in the Archives of the Smithsonian Institution. See page 409 of Peter Nabokov and Robert Easton,
Native American Architecture
(Oxford University Press, 1989).

Figure 23 (JK):
This drawing was inspired by Photograph #0239–075 of the State Historical Society of North Dakota. See Patrick Springer, “Medicine Bundles Help Keep Stories from ‘Dream Time,’ ”
The Forum
(Forum Communications, Fargo, N.Dak., 2003), 1–3.

Figure 24 (JK):
Redrawn, with modification, from Simon J. Harrison,
Stealing People’s Names
(Cambridge University Press, 1990).

Figure 25 (JK):
Redrawn, with modification, from Edmund R. Leach,
Political Systems of Highland Burma
(G. Bell & Sons, London, 1954).

Figure 26 (JK):
This drawing was inspired by two different photos taken in the 1930s by Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf,
The Konyak Nagas
(Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1969).

Figure 27 (JK):
Redrawn, with modification, from Joyce Marcus and Kent V. Flannery,
Zapotec Civilization
(Thames and Hudson, London, 1996).

Figure 28 (JK):
Original drawing by John Klausmeyer.

Figure 29 (KC):
Redrawn, with modification, from Elsa M. Redmond and Charles S. Spencer, “Rituals of Sanctification and the Development of Standardized Temples in Oaxaca, Mexico,”
Cambridge Archaeological Journal
18 (2008): 230–266.

Figure 30 (KC):
Redrawn, with modification, from Ruth Shady Solís,
La Ciudad Sagrada de Caral-Supe en los Albores de la Civilización en el Perú
(Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, 1997).

Figure 31 (KC):
This drawing was inspired by a photograph by George Steinmetz, in John F. Ross, “First City in the New World?”
Smithsonian
33 (2002): 57–64.

Figure 32 (KC):
This drawing is based on photographs taken by Joyce Marcus at Cerro Sechín, Peru, during the 1980s.

Figure 33 (KC):
This drawing is a montage. The temple plan was redrawn, with modification, from Richard L. Burger,
Chavín and the Origins of Andean Civilization
(Thames and Hudson, London, 1992). The carved stone monument was redrawn, with modification, from Julio C. Tello,
Chavín: Cultura Matriz de la Civilización Andina
(Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, 1960).

Figure 34 (JK):
This drawing was inspired by two different photos taken during the 1940s by Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf,
The Apa Tanis and Neighbours
(Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1962).

Figure 35 (KC):
Redrawn, with modification, from Seton Lloyd and Fuad Safar, “Tell Hassuna,”
Journal of Near Eastern Studies
4 (1945): 255–289.

Figure 36 (KC):
This drawing synthesizes the information from several seasons at Tell es-Sawwan. It was redrawn, with modification, from Vadim M. Masson,
Pervye Tsivilizatsii
(Nauka, Leningrad, 1989).

Figure 37 (JK):
This drawing was inspired by a photo in Joan Oates, “Religion and Ritual in Sixth-Millennium
B.C.
Mesopotamia,”
World Archaeology
10 (1978): 117–124.

Figure 38 (JK):
This drawing was inspired by two different photos in Nikolai Y. Merpert and Rauf M. Munchaev, “Burial Practices of the Halaf Culture,” in Norman Yoffee and Jeffrey J. Clark, eds.,
Early Stages in the Mesopotamian Civilization: Soviet Excavations in Northern Iraq
(University of Arizona Press, 1993), 207–223.

Figure 39, top (KC):
This drawing was inspired by a photograph in Nikolai Y. Merpert and Rauf M. Munchaev, “Yarim Tepe III: The Halaf Levels,” in Norman Yoffee and Jeffrey J. Clark, eds.,
Early Stages in the Mesopotamian Civilization: Soviet Excavations in Northern Iraq
(University of Arizona Press, 1993), 163–205.

Figure 39, bottom (KC):
Redrawn, with modification, from Max E. L. Mallowan and J. Cruikshank Rose, “Excavations at Tall Arpachiyah, 1933,”
Iraq
2 (1935): 1–178.

Figure 40 (KC):
Redrawn, modified, and reassembled from three different illustrations in Max E. L. Mallowan and J. Cruikshank Rose, “Excavations at Tall Arpachiyah, 1933”
Iraq
2 (1935), 1–178.

Figure 41 (KC):
Redrawn, with modification, from Arthur Tobler,
Excavations at Tepe Gawra,
vol. 2 (University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia, 1950).

Figure 42 (KC):
Redrawn, with modification, from Arthur Tobler,
Excavations at Tepe Gawra,
vol. 2 (University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia, 1950).

Figure 43, top (KC):
This drawing was inspired by a photograph in Fuad Safar, Mohammad Ali Mustafa, and Seton Lloyd,
Eridu
(Iraqi Ministry of Culture and Information, Baghdad, 1981).

Figure 43, bottom (KC):
Redrawn, with modification, from Fuad Safar, Mohammad Ali Mustafa, and Seton Lloyd,
Eridu
(Iraqi Ministry of Culture and Information, Baghdad, 1981).

Figure 44 (KC):
Redrawn, with modification, from Seton Lloyd and Fuad Safar, “Tell Uqair: Excavations by the Iraq Government Directorate of Antiquities in 1940–1941,”
Journal of Near Eastern Studies
2 (1943): 131–155.

Figure 45 (KC):
Redrawn, with modification, from Sabah Abboud Jasim, “Excavations at Tell Abada: A Preliminary Report,”
Iraq
45 (1983): 165–186.

Figure 46, left (JK):
Redrawn, with modification, from Vernon James Knight Jr., “Moundville as a Diagrammatic Ceremonial Center,” in Vernon James Knight Jr. and Vincas P. Steponaitis, eds.,
Archaeology of the Moundville Chiefdom
(Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 1998), 44–62.

Figure 46, right (JK):
Redrawn, with modification, from Vernon James Knight Jr. and Vincas P. Steponaitis, “A New History of Moundville,” in Vernon James Knight Jr. and Vincas P. Steponaitis, eds.,
Archaeology of the Moundville Chiefdom
(Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 1998), 1–25.

Figure 47 (JK):
This drawing was inspired by a map and a photograph in Adam King,
Etowah: The Political History of a Chiefdom Capital
(University of Alabama Press, 2003).

Figure 48 (JK):
Redrawn, with modification, from Will Carleton McKern, “Archaeology of Tonga,”
Bulletin
60 (Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, 1929).

Figure 49 (JK):
Redrawn, with modification, from two sources: Philip Drucker, Robert F. Heizer, and Robert J. Squier, “Excavations at La Venta, Tabasco, 1955,”
Bulletin
170 (Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1959), and Rebecca González Lauck, “La Venta: An Olmec Capital,” in Elizabeth P. Benson and Beatriz de la Fuente, eds.,
Olmec Art of Ancient Mexico
(National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 1996), 73–81.