The Creation of Inequality: How Our Prehistoric Ancestors Set the Stage for Monarchy, Slavery, and Empire (100 page)

Figure 50 (JK):
Redrawn, with modification, from Charles S. Spencer and Elsa M. Redmond, “Militarism, Resistance and Early State Development in Oaxaca, Mexico,”
Social Evolution and History
2 (2003): 25–70.

Figure 51 (KC):
This drawing is based on photos taken by Joyce Marcus at Monte Albán.

Figure 52 (JK):
This painting was inspired by a photo in Alfonso Caso and Ignacio Bernal, “Urnas de Oaxaca,”
Memoria
2 (Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City, 1952).

Figure 53 (JK):
This drawing was inspired by a color painting in Walter Alva and Christopher B. Donnan,
Royal Tombs of Sipán
(Fowler Museum of Cultural History, UCLA, Los Angeles, 1993).

Figure 54:
Detail from a drawing in Christopher B. Donnan and Donna McClelland,
Moche Fineline Painting: Its Evolution and Its Artists
(Fowler Museum of Cultural History, UCLA, Los Angeles, 1999). Reproduced by permission of Christopher B. Donnan and the estate of Donna McClelland.

Figure 55 (KC):
Redrawn, with modification, from William J. Folan, Joyce Marcus, and W. Frank Miller, “Verification of a Maya Settlement Model through Remote Sensing,”
Cambridge Archaeological Journal
5 (1995): 277–282.

Figure 56 (KC):
Redrawn, with modification, from William J. Folan et al., “Calakmul: New Data from an Ancient Maya City in Campeche, Mexico,”
Latin American Antiquity
6 (1995): 310–334.

Figure 57 (KC):
Redrawn, with modification, from Linda Schele and Mary E. Miller,
The Blood of Kings
(Kimbell Art Museum, Forth Worth, Tex., 1986). See also Joyce Marcus, “Identifying Elites and Their Strategies,” in Christina M. Elson and R. Alan Covey, eds.,
Intermediate Elites in Pre-Columbian States and Empires
(University of Arizona Press, 2006), 212–246.

Figure 58 (KC):
This map combines information from a variety of sources. The coverage of Upper Egypt is partly inspired by Barry J. Kemp,
Ancient Egypt
(Routledge, London, 1989).

Figure 59 (KC):
This version of the Narmer palette is redrawn from Joyce Marcus,
Mesoamerican Writing Systems
(Princeton University Press, 1992).

Figure 60 (JK):
This drawing was inspired by photographs in Christiane Desroches-Noblecourt,
Tutankhamen: Life and Death of a Pharaoh
(New York Graphic Society, New York, 1978).

Figure 61 (KC):
Redrawn, with modification, from Hilda Kuper,
An African Aristocracy: Rank among the Swazi
(Oxford University Press, 1947).

Figure 62 (KC):
Redrawn, with modification, from Hilda Kuper,
An African Aristocracy: Rank among the Swazi
(Oxford University Press, 1947).

Figure 63 (JK):
This drawing was inspired by two different photos in Malcolm D. McLeod,
The Asante
(British Museum, London, 1981).

Figure 64 (KC):
This map combines information from a variety of sources and is partly inspired by Gregory A. Johnson, “Late Uruk in Greater Mesopotamia: Expansion or Collapse?”
Origini
14 (1988–1989): 595–613.

Figure 65 (KC):
This illustration is a montage. It combines building plans redrawn, with modification, from Hans J. Nissen,
An Early History of the Ancient Near East
(University of Chicago Press, 1988), and Ann Louise Perkins, “The Comparative Archaeology of Early Mesopotamia,”
Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization
25 (Oriental Institute, University of Chicago, 1949).

Figure 66 (JK):
The drawing of the temple oval is loosely based on an original work by David West Reynolds, which is the property of Flannery and Marcus. The diagram of the high priest’s residence is redrawn, with modification, from Kent V. Flannery, “The Ground Plans of Archaic States,” in Gary M. Feinman and Joyce Marcus, eds.,
Archaic States
(School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, N. Mex., 1998), 15–57.

Figure 67 (JK):
Redrawn, with modification, from C. Leonard Woolley,
Ur Excavations 2: The Royal Cemetery
(British Museum, London, and University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia, 1934).

Figure 68 (JK):
This drawing is based on a photograph taken by Joyce Marcus.

Figure 69 (JK):
This drawing was inspired by a photograph in Richard A. Diehl,
Tula: The Toltec Capital of Ancient Mexico
(Thames and Hudson, London, 1983).

Figure 70 (KC):
Redrawn, with modification, from the sixteenth-century Codex Mendoza; see Frances F. Berdan and Patricia R. Anawalt,
The Essential Codex Mendoza
(University of California Press, 1997).

Figure 71 (KC):
Redrawn, with modification, from William H. Isbell, “Mortuary Preferences: A Wari Culture Case Study from Middle Horizon Peru,”
Latin American Antiquity
15 (2004): 3–32.

Figure 72 (JK):
This illustration is a montage. It combines ground plans redrawn, with modification, from several different chapters in Michael E. Moseley and Kent C. Day, eds.,
Chan Chan: Andean Desert City
(University of New Mexico Press, 1982).

Figure 73 (KC):
Redrawn, with modification, from the sixteenth-century author Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala,
El Primer Nueva Corónica y Buen Gobierno,
3 vols. (Siglo Veintiuno, Mexico City, 1980).

Index

Abu Fanduweh (site), 452–453, 459

Abu Hureyra (site), 131–133, 136, 142, 151, 468

Abydos (site), 398, 404, 405

Administrative hierarchy, 335, 374–377, 386, 438, 446, 453, 485, 514, 529–530, 543, 556

Age-based discrimination, 558

Age-grades: defined, 178

Age regiments: defined, 350

Ahupua’a (territory): defined, 333

Ain Ghazal (site), 134–136, 159, 205

Ain Mallaha (site), 126–127

Akan, 435, 443

Akapana, 524

Akhnaten (Amenhotep IV) (ruler), 398, 415–416

Akkadian (society), 455, 484, 494–497, 557

Aklla wasi: defined, 536

Akwamu (society), 436–437, 446

Altamira Cave (site), 14

Altepetl: defined, 510

Altruism, 33–34

Amorites (society), 497–499

Anahulu Valley, 346, 360, 369

Anarchic freedom, 19, 86

Andaman Islanders, 42–45, 86, 123, 550

Andrianampoinimerina (ruler), 360, 363

Angulate tortoise, 6

A’o titles, 315

Apa Tani (society), 251–259, 260, 283, 288, 296

Archaic modern humans, 4, 6

Arctic Small Tool Tradition, 21

Ariki (ali’i, ari’i): defined, 210

Arpachiyah (site), 268, 270, 272–275, 473

Arroyo Hondo (site), 156

Arslantepe (site), 467–468

Asana (site), 146–147

Asante (society), 347, 434–447, 531

Asia (site), 243–244

Áspero (site), 239, 241

Assembly halls: at Arslantepe, 467; at Tepe Gawra, 466; at Uruk, 463

Atexcala Canyon Site, 141–142

Athapaskan (society), 83–85, 293

Aucaypata: defined, 536

Audiencias: defined, 528–529

Australian Aborigines, 16, 46–53, 84, 131, 134, 169, 181, 536

Avatip (village), 188–191, 198, 210, 315, 563

Awe-inspiring experience: defined, 57; 60, 559

Ayllu: defined, 532

Ayni: defined, 532

Azcapotzalco, 510–513

Aztec (society), 504–505, 507–521, 527, 531, 533, 535, 556–557

Babylon, 499, 501

Bachelors’ hut, 42, 45, 77, 101, 127, 215, 550

Bantama (royal Asante mausoleum), 440, 444–445, 447

Bantu migration, 29, 223, 348, 422

Basarwa (society), 15, 19, 29–35, 40, 123, 142, 223, 550, 560

Bat Cave (site), 154

Bau (temple estate), 485, 489–491

Beer:

barley beer, 402–404, 411, 472, 478, 490–491

maize beer, 147, 219, 221–222, 243, 522, 537, 541

rice beer, 106, 112, 203–204, 252

Bemba (society), 223–228, 300, 305, 312, 319, 336, 362–363, 384, 446–447, 563

Bering land bridge, 11

Beveled-rim bowl(s): defined, 454

Big Kahuna: defined, 335

Big Man, 53, 95–96, 99, 101–104, 109, 117–121, 188, 210, 477, 552–554

Bir Kiseiba (site), 396–398

Blombos Cave (site), 6

Blue Nile, 394

Boomerang, 47–48, 51

Bride-price, 17, 66, 85, 100, 116, 193, 200, 214, 550, 554

Bride service, 32, 36, 54, 84, 431, 550

Bridge River site, 79–80

Built environment, 328

Bulla (bullae): defined, 454

Cacaxtla (site), 505–506

Calakmul (site), 386–390, 393, 410, 438, 456

Calpulli: defined, 515–516

Cañete Valley, 539–540

Cantona (site), 505–506

Cape turban shell, 6

Captive-taking, 390–392, 506

Caral (site), 238–243

Caribou Eskimo, 15, 19, 23–24

Cataracts of the Nile: defined, 398

Catfish, 8, 41, 177, 291, 309

Cauca Valley societies, 216–219, 230, 237, 245, 301, 312, 335, 364

Cayao: defined, 541

Çayönü (site), 136–138, 142, 151, 155, 159, 205, 261

Cella: defined, 276

Ceremonial lodge(s), 110, 172, 177

Cerro Arena (site), 378–379

Cerro Baúl (site), 522, 525

Cerro Oreja (site), 378–379

Cerro Sechín (site), 244–245, 370

Chac mool: defined, 508–509

Chain reaction (state formation), 373–374, 422–424, 434, 448–449, 459, 465, 556

Chan Chan (site), 527–529

Chanka (society), 532, 542–543

Charki: defined, 243

Chavín de Huántar (site), 246–249

Chicha (see Beer: maize beer)

Chichimec (society), 510

Chickasaw (society), 303–306

Chiefdom (territorial unit): defined, 214

Chilca (site), 148

Chimbu (society), 95–99, 101, 117, 163

Chimor, 525, 527, 529, 537

Chimpanzees, 37–38, 58–59, 473, 555

Chimu (society), 525–530, 532, 538

Chincha Valley, 538–539, 543

Chisü (ritual): defined, 107

Chocolate, 376–377, 505, 509, 520

Choga Mami (site), 263, 473

Chogha Mish (site), 263, 450–456, 458–459, 473

Chumash (society), 67–71, 74, 501

Chumash plank canoe (tomol), 68–70

Churinga, 50

Churinga ilpintira (ritual), 62–63

Circumcision (ritual), 46, 61

Ciudadela(s) (royal compounds): defined, 527

Civic-ceremonial center, 327, 332, 336

Class endogamy: defined, 313

Club-rush, 8

Coatepantli: defined, 508

Coatlicue, 511–512, 517

Coconut milk, 119, 322

Coconut palm, 93, 119

Collana: defined, 541

Collca: defined, 538

Comal, see Griddle

Competitive interaction, 434, 473–474

Cones (temple decoration): defined, 454

Coosa Confederacy, 311, 364

Cordyline (magical plant), 93, 104, 189–190

Corvée labor: defined, 225

Cosmology: defined, 56

Council of Elders, 296, 481, 485

Coxcatlán Cave (site), 140–141

Cuello (site), 384

Cueva Blanca (site), 142

Culhuacan, 511–512, 543

Cuneiform writing: defined, 476

Cusco (site), 531–532, 535–538, 540

Dafla (society), 251, 253–255

Dao (knife): defined, 105

De
ğ
irman Tepe (site), 293

Denkyira (society), 435–438, 444, 446

Dentalium shells, 125–126, 172

Dingiswayo (ruler), 350–352, 423, 497

Dlamini (clan), 423–434

Dominance hierarchy:

alphas, 37–38, 58–60, 65, 104, 301, 362, 412, 473, 478, 548, 555

betas, 37, 58–60, 65, 104, 412, 548, 555

gammas, 58–60, 65, 412

Dorset Culture, 21

Dynasty: defined, 408–409

Dynasty 0 (Egypt), 404, 408

Dynasty 1 (Egypt), 408–409

Eanna (sector of Uruk site): defined, 457

Early Dynastic period (Mesopotamia): dated, 475

Earth spirits, 192–198, 230

Ecological niche construction, 7

Ecological release, 5

Egyptian(s) (society), 320, 365, 394–422, 498–499, 514, 531, 555–556

Elamite (society), 451–452, 496, 499

El Mirador (site), 385–387

El-Wad Cave (site), 123–125

Empire: defined, 382, 496–497

Enga (society), 99–101, 551, 553

Ensí: defined, 485

Epigraphy: defined, 475

Eridu (site), 284–288, 291, 294, 453, 460, 473, 477, 484, 486

Ethnic stereotyping or discrimination, 355, 363, 416–418, 434, 498, 556

Etoro (society), 94–95, 97, 163, 251

Etowah (site), 300, 307–312

Euphrates River, 128, 131, 282–284, 289, 291, 293, 457–458, 468–470, 473, 484, 492, 494, 497–498

Eye Temple (at Tell Brak site), 471

Fa’itokas (commoner burial mounds): defined, 212: 317

Fatherland (site), 298

Fayum Oasis, 395–397, 399, 414

Feasts:

funerary, 82, 84, 127, 222, 320

of merit, 71–72, 82, 203, 256, 551

Fiji (society), 314, 316, 318–319, 321

First-generation kingdom(s), 367–393, 405, 453, 544

Flint corn, 171, 299, 302, 309

Folsom (society), 27–29

Formalist economics, 502

Fynbos: defined, 7

Gagarino (site), 12

Galindo (site), 527

Galla (society), 365

Gaza, 400

Genna (ritual feast): defined, 106

Ghana, 435, 447

Gheo-shih (site), 139–140

Girsu (Tell Luh site), 484–486, 492–493, 495

Göbekli Tepe (site), 128–131, 151, 159, 162

Godin Tepe (site), 457

Gravettian (society), 12–13, 20