The Creation of Inequality: How Our Prehistoric Ancestors Set the Stage for Monarchy, Slavery, and Empire (93 page)

267   Nikolai Y. Merpert and Rauf M. Munchaev, “Burial Practices of the Halaf Culture,” in Norman Yoffee and Jeffrey J. Clark, eds.,
Early Mesopotamian Civilization: Soviet Excavations in Northern Iraq
(University of Arizona Press, 1993), 207–223.

268   Ismail Hijara, “The Halaf Period in Northern Mesopotamia” (PhD diss., University of London, 1980).

270   Patty Jo Watson, “The Halafian Culture: A Review and Synthesis,” in T. Cuyler Young Jr., Philip E. L. Smith, and Peder Mortensen, eds., “The Hilly Flanks and Beyond: Essays on the Prehistory of Southwestern Asia,”
Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization
36 (1983): 231–250 (University of Chicago).

270   Steven A. LeBlanc, “Computerized, Conjunctive Archaeology and the Near Eastern Halafian” (PhD diss., Washington University, St. Louis, Mo., 1971). See also Steven A. LeBlanc and Patty Jo Watson, “A Comparative Statistical Analysis of Painted Pottery from Seven Halafian Sites,”
Paléorient
1 (1973): 117–133.

271   Patty Jo Watson, “The Halafian Culture” (see previous reference).

271   Max E. L. Mallowan, in “Excavations in the Balih Valley (1938),”
Iraq
8 (1946): 111–156, discusses the building at Tell Aswad that he believes to be a Halaf temple.

271   Nikolai Y. Merpert and Rauf M. Munchaev, “Burial Practices of the Halaf Culture” (see previous reference).

272   Max E. L. Mallowan and J. Cruikshank Rose, “Excavations at Tall Arpachiyah, 1933,”
Iraq
2 (1935): 1–178; Ismail Hijara, “The Halaf Period in Northern Mesopotamia” (see previous reference); Ismail Hijara, “Three New Graves at Arpachiyah,”
World Archaeology
10 (1978): 125–128.

275   Ephraim A. Speiser,
Excavations at Tepe Gawra,
vol. 1 (University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia, 1935); Arthur Tobler,
Excavations at Tepe Gawra,
vol. 2 (University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia, 1950); Ann Louise Perkins, “The Comparative Archaeology of Early Mesopotamia,”
Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization
25 (University of Chicago Press, 1949); Mitchell S. Rothman,
Tepe Gawra: The Evolution of a Small, Prehistoric Center in Northern Iraq
(University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia, 2002).

282   The
British Naval Intelligence Handbook
BR 524 (1944) provides useful data on the regimes of the Tigris and Euphrates.

283   Wright’s study of ‘Ubaid sickles is reported in Henry T. Wright and Susan Pollock, “Regional Socio-Economic Organization in Southern Mesopotamia: The Middle and Later Fifth Millennium,”
Colloques Internationaux CNRS: Préhistoire de la Mésopotamie
(Editions du CNRS, Paris, 1986), 317–329.

284   Seton Lloyd, “The Oldest City of Sumeria: Establishing the Origins of Eridu,”
The Illustrated London News,
September 11, 1948, 303–305; Fuad Safar, Mohammad Ali Mustafa, and Seton Lloyd,
Eridu
(Iraqi Ministry of Culture and Information, Baghdad, 1981).

284   Joan Oates, “Ur and Eridu, the Prehistory,”
Iraq
22 (1960): 32–50, and “Ubaid Chronology,” in O. Aurenche, J. Évin, and F. Hours, eds., “Chronologies du Proche Orient,”
BAR-Maison de l’Orient Archaeological Series
3 (Lyon-Oxford, 1987), 473–482.

287   Fuad Safar, Mohammad Ali Mustafa, and Seton Lloyd, in chapter 7 of
Eridu
(see previous reference), discuss the possible fishermen’s ward.

287   Fuad Safar, Mohammad Ali Mustafa, and Seton Lloyd, in chapter 4 of
Eridu,
discuss the ‘Ubaid cemetery, which is reanalyzed by Henry T. Wright and Susan Pollock in “Regional Socio-Economic Organization in Southern Mesopotamia” (see previous reference).

289   Seton Lloyd and Fuad Safar, “Tell Uqair: Excavations by the Iraq Government Directorate of Antiquities in 1940–1941,”
Journal of Near Eastern Studies
2 (1943): 131–155.

290   Sabah Abboud Jasim, “Excavations at Tell Abada, Iraq,”
Paléorient
7 (1981): 101–104, and “Excavations at Tell Abada: A Preliminary Report,”
Iraq
45 (1983): 165–186.

291   Joan Oates, “Ubaid Mesopotamia Reconsidered,” in T. Cuyler Young Jr., Philip E. L. Smith, and Peder Mortensen, eds., “The Hilly Flanks and Beyond,” 251–281 (see previous reference).

291   Jean-Louis Huot et al., “Larsa et ‘Oueli: Travaux de 1978–1981,”
Mémoire
26 (Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations, Paris, 1983).

293   ‘Ubaid trading colonies in Syria and Turkey are discussed by Joan Oates, “Trade and Power in the Fifth and Fourth Millennia
B.C.
: New Evidence from Northern Mesopotamia,”
World Archaeology
24 (1993): 403–422.

295   Colin Renfrew, “Beyond a Subsistence Economy: The Evolution of Social Organization in Prehistoric Europe,” in Charlotte B. Moore, ed., “Reconstructing Complex Societies: An Archaeological Colloquium,”
Supplement to the Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
20 (Cambridge, Mass., 1974), 69–85.

CHAPTER 15: THE CHIEFLY SOCIETIES IN OUR BACKYARD

298   Peter Nabokov and Robert Easton,
Native American Architecture
(Oxford University Press, 1989), 96–97.

299   Robert S. Neitzel, “Archaeology of the Fatherland Site: The Grand Village of the Natchez,”
Anthropological Papers
51, part 1 (American Museum of Natural History, New York, 1965); “The Grand Village of the Natchez Revisited: Excavations at the Fatherland Site, Adams County, Mississippi, 1972,”
Archaeological Report
no. 12 (Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, 1983).

300   Charles Hudson,
The Southeastern Indians
(University of Tennessee Press, 1976).

302   Antoine le Page du Pratz’s account of the funeral of Tattooed Serpent was translated into English by John R. Swanton, “The Indians of the Southeastern United States,”
Bulletin
137 (Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, 1946), 728.

303   Frank G. Speck, “Notes on Chickasaw Ethnology and Folk-Lore,”
Journal of American Folk-Lore
20 (1907): 50–58.

304   Vernon James Knight Jr., “Moundville as a Diagrammatic Ceremonial Center,” in Vernon James Knight Jr. and Vincas P. Steponaitis, eds.,
Archaeology of the Moundville Chiefdom
(Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 1998), 44–62. Also see Vernon James Knight Jr. and Vincas P. Steponaitis, “A New History of Moundville,” in Vernon James Knight Jr. and Vincas P. Steponaitis, eds.,
Archaeology of the Moundville Chiefdom,
1–25.

307   David J. Hally, “The Settlement Patterns of Mississippian Chiefdoms in Northern Georgia,” in Brian R. Billman and Gary M. Feinman, eds.,
Settlement Pattern Studies in the Americas: Fifty Years since Virú
(Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 1999), 96–115.

307   Igor Kopytoff, “Internal African Frontier: The Making of African Political Culture,” in Igor Kopytoff, ed.,
The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies
(Indiana University Press, 1987), 3–84.

309   Adam King,
Etowah: The Political History of a Chiefdom Capital
(University of Alabama Press, 2003).

309   Lewis H. Larson Jr., “Archaeological Implications of Social Stratification at the Etowah Site, Georgia,” in James A. Brown, ed., “Approaches to Social Dimensions of Mortuary Practices,”
Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology
25 (1971): 58–67.

311   Charles Hudson et al., “Coosa: A Chiefdom in the Sixteenth-Century Southeastern United States,”
American Antiquity
50 (1985): 723–737. Also see Charles Hudson,
The Southeastern Indians,
112–118 (see previous reference).

311   David J. Hally,
King: The Social Archaeology of a Late Mississippian Town in Northwestern Georgia
(University of Alabama Press, 2008).

312   Helen C. Rountree,
The Powhatan Indians of Virginia: Their Traditional Culture
(University of Oklahoma Press, 1989); Martin D. Gallivan, “Powhatan’s Werowocomoco: Constructing Place, Polity, and Personhood in the Chesapeake
C.E.
1200–
C.E.
1609,”
American Anthropologist
109 (2007): 85–100.

CHAPTER 16: HOW TO TURN RANK INTO STRATIFICATION: TALES OF THE SOUTH PACIFIC

314   The literature on Polynesian rank societies is vast. A good place to begin is with three theoretical overviews, written from three different perspectives. Marshall D. Sahlins, in
Social Stratification in Polynesia
(University of Washington Press, Seattle, 1958), relates levels of inequality to differences in the adaptation of societies to their environments. Irving Goldman, in
Ancient Polynesian Society
(University of Chicago Press, 1970), shows how certain basic principles of rank can be used to explain the variation among island societies. Patrick V. Kirch, in
The Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms
(Cambridge University Press, 1984), uses archaeological data to document the evolution of diverse island societies from a common ancestral culture.

314   Patrick V. Kirch and Roger C. Green,
Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology
(Cambridge University Press, 2001); also see chapter 3 of Patrick V. Kirch,
The Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms
(see previous reference).

315   See chapter 11 of Irving Goldman,
Ancient Polynesian Society,
and Appendix III of Marshall D. Sahlins,
Social Stratification in Polynesia
(both previously referenced).

317   Edward Winslow Gifford, “Tongan Society,”
Bulletin
61 (Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, 1971); Will Carleton McKern, “Archaeology of Tonga,”
Bulletin
60 (Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, 1929); chapter 12 of Irving Goldman,
Ancient Polynesian Society
; chapter 9 of Patrick V. Kirch,
The Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms
; chapter 2 of Marshall D. Sahlins,
Social Stratification in Polynesia.

324   Lapaha is described by Will Carleton McKern in “Archaeology of Tonga,” 92–101 (see previous reference).

328   Robert F. Heizer, “Agriculture and the Theocratic State in Lowland Southeastern Mexico,”
American Antiquity
26 (1960): 215–222; Philip Drucker, Robert F. Heizer, and Robert J. Squier, “Excavations at La Venta, Tabasco, 1955,”
Bulletin
170 (Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1959); Rebecca González Lauck, “La Venta: An Olmec Capital,” in Elizabeth P. Benson and Beatriz de la Fuente, eds.,
Olmec Art of Ancient Mexico
(National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 1996), 73–81; Rebecca B. González Lauck, “La Venta (Tabasco, Mexico),” in Susan Toby Evans and David Webster, eds.,
Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America
(Garland, N.Y., 2001), 798–801.

332   See chapter 10 in Patrick V. Kirch,
The Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms
(see previous reference).

334   Samuel M. Kamakau,
Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii
(The Kamehameha Schools Press, Honolulu, 1961); Marshall D. Sahlins,
Historical Metaphors and Mythical Realities: Structure in the Early History of the Sandwich Islands Kingdom
(University of Michigan Press, 1981); Valerio Valeri,
Kingship and Sacrifice: Ritual and Society in Ancient Hawaii
(University of Chicago Press, 1985); chapter 10 in Irving Goldman,
Ancient Polynesian Society
(see previous reference).

CHAPTER 17: HOW TO CREATE A KINGDOM

341   Samuel M. Kamakau,
Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii
(The Kamehameha Schools Press, Honolulu, 1961); also see chapter 10 in Irving Goldman,
Ancient Polynesian Society
(University of Chicago Press, 1970); Valerio Valeri,
Kingship and Sacrifice: Ritual and Society in Ancient Hawaii
(University of Chicago Press, 1985); Patrick Vinton Kirch,
How Chiefs Became Kings: Divine Kingship and the Rise of Archaic States in Ancient Hawai’i
(University of California Press, 2010).

345   Kathleen Dickenson Mellen,
The Lonely Warrior: The Life and Times of Kamehameha the Great of Hawaii
(Hastings House, New York, 1949); Herbert H. Gowen,
The Napoleon of the Pacific: Kamehameha the Great
(Fleming H. Revell, New York, 1919); Ralph S. Kuykendall,
The Hawaiian Kingdom, 1778–1854: Foundation and Transformation
(University of Hawaii Press, 1938).

346   Patrick V. Kirch and Marshall Sahlins,
Anahulu: The Anthropology of History in the Kingdom of Hawaii
(University of Chicago Press, 1992). Marshall Sahlins, in vol. 1,
Historical Ethnography,
discusses Hawai’ian society from the 1770s to the mid-nineteenth century. Patrick V. Kirch, in vol. 2,
The Archaeology of History,
describes the archaeology of that same time span in the Anahulu Valley of Oahu. This is one of the most successful collaborations ever carried out by a social anthropologist and an archaeologist.

348   Dorothy B. Barrère, in “Kamehameha in Kona: Two Documentary Studies,”
Pacific Anthropological Records
23 (Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, 1975), discusses the burial of Kamehameha.

348   William H. Davenport, “The ‘Hawaiian Cultural Revolution’: Some Political and Economic Considerations,”
American Anthropologist
71 (1969): 1–20; Ralph S. Kuykendall,
The Hawaiian Kingdom, 1778–1854
(see previous reference).

348   The Bantu migration is discussed by David Phillipson,
The Later Prehistory of Eastern and South Africa
(Heinemann, London, 1977).

349   Late Iron Age Natal is discussed by Tim Maggs in “The Iron Age Farming Communities,” in Andrew Duminy and Bill Guest, eds.,
Natal and Zululand: From Earliest Times to 1910
(University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg, 1989), 28–48 (see previous reference).