The Creation of Inequality: How Our Prehistoric Ancestors Set the Stage for Monarchy, Slavery, and Empire (94 page)

349   Early rank societies of Natal are discussed by E. A. Ritter in
Shaka Zulu: The Rise of the Zulu Empire
(G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York, 1957) and by John Wright and Carolyn Hamilton in “Traditions and Transformations: The Phongolo-Mzimkhulu Region in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries,” in Andrew Duminy and Bill Guest, eds.,
Natal and Zululand,
49–82 (see previous reference).

349   Shaka’s rise to power has been described in two articles by Max Gluckman, “The Kingdom of the Zulu of South Africa,” in Meyer Fortes and E. E. Evans-Pritchard, eds.,
African Political Systems
(Oxford University Press, 1940), 25–55, and in “The Rise of a Zulu Empire,”
Scientific American
202 (1960): 157–168. His exploits are detailed by E. A. Ritter in
Shaka Zulu
and by John M. Selby in
Shaka’s Heirs
(Allen & Unwin, London, 1971).

353   Both colonial powers and Zulu nationalists manipulated the legend of Shaka for their own purposes. See Carolyn Hamilton,
Terrific Majesty: The Powers of Shaka Zulu and the Limits of Historical Invention
(Harvard University Press, 1998).

355   Homayun Sidky,
Irrigation and State Formation in Hunza: The Anthropology of a Hydraulic Kingdom
(University Press of America, New York, 1996).

356   Irmtraud Müller-Stellrecht,
Hunza und China 1761–1891
(Franz Steiner Verlag, Wiesbaden, Germany, 1978).

359   Mervyn Brown, in
Madagascar Rediscovered: A History from Early Times to Independence
(Anchor Books, Hamden, Conn., 1979), draws on the Tantàran ‘ny Andrìana.

359   Conrad P. Kottak,
The Past in the Present: History, Ecology, and Cultural Variation in Highland Madagascar
(University of Michigan Press, 1980); Henry T. Wright and Susan Kus, “An Archaeological Reconnaissance of Ancient Imerina,” in Raymond K. Kent, ed.,
Madagascar in History
(Foundation for Malagasy Studies, Berkeley, Calif., 1979), 1–31; Robert E. Dewar and Henry T. Wright, “The Culture History of Madagascar,”
Journal of World Prehistory
7 (1993): 417–466; Zoe Crossland, “Ny Tani sy ny Fanjakana, the Land and the State: Archaeological Landscape Survey in the Andrantsay Region of Madagascar” (PhD diss., University of Michigan, 2001); Henry T. Wright, “Early State Formation in Central Madagascar: An Archaeological Survey of Western Avaradrano,”
Memoir
43 (University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology, Ann Arbor, 2007).

361   John Mack,
Madagascar: Island of the Ancestors
(British Museum Publications, London, 1986); Alain Delivré,
L’Histoire des Rois d’Imerina: Interprétation d’une Tradition Orale
(Klincksieck, Paris, 1974); Conrad P. Kottak,
The Past in the Present
.

364   Robert L. Carneiro,
Evolutionism in Cultural Anthropology: A Critical History
(Westview Press, Boulder, Colo., 2003).

364   Charles S. Spencer, “A Mathematical Model of Primary State Formation,”
Cultural Dynamics
10 (1998): 5–20.

365   Herbert S. Lewis,
A Galla Monarchy: Jimma Abba Jifar, Ethiopia, 1830–1932
(University of Wisconsin Press, 1965).

CHAPTER 18: THREE OF THE NEW WORLD’S FIRST-GENERATION KINGDOMS

368   See chapters 11–13 in Joyce Marcus and Kent V. Flannery,
Zapotec Civilization: How Urban Society Evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley
(Thames and Hudson, London, 1996); also see Richard E. Blanton,
Monte Alban: Settlement Patterns at the Ancient Zapotec Capital
(Academic Press, New York, 1978); Joyce Marcus,
Monte Albán
(Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico City, 2008).

369   The political importance of Tilcajete is discussed by Charles S. Spencer and Elsa M. Redmond in “Multilevel Selection and Political Evolution in the Valley of Oaxaca, 500–100
B.C.
,”
Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
20 (2001): 195–229, and in “Militarism, Resistance and Early State Development in Oaxaca, Mexico,”
Social Evolution and History
2 (2003): 25–70. Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus, in “The Origin of War: New
14
C Dates from Ancient Mexico,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
100 (2003): 11801–11805, discuss the role of warfare in creating kingdoms.

369   Charles S. Spencer and Elsa M. Redmond, “A Late Monte Albán I Phase (300–100
B.C.
) Palace in the Valley of Oaxaca,”
Latin American Antiquity
15 (2004): 441–455.

370   See chapters 11 and 12 in Joyce Marcus and Kent V. Flannery,
Zapotec Civilization
(see previous reference). Also see chapter 11 in Joyce Marcus,
Mesoamerican Writing Systems
(Princeton University Press, 1992).

371   Richard E. Blanton,
Monte Alban
(see previous reference).

372   Stephen A. Kowalewski et al., “Monte Albán’s Hinterland, Part II, Vols. 1 and 2,”
Memoir
23 (Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1989).

372   Andrew K. Balkansky, “The Sola Valley and the Monte Albán State: A Study of Zapotec Imperial Expansion,”
Memoir
36 (Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 2002); Gary M. Feinman and Linda M. Nicholas, “At the Margins of the Monte Albán State: Settlement Patterns in the Ejutla Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico,”
Latin American Antiquity
1 (1990): 216–246.

372   Charles S. Spencer and Elsa M. Redmond, “The Chronology of Conquest: Implications of New Radiocarbon Analyses from the Cañada de Cuicatlán, Oaxaca,”
Latin American Antiquity
12 (2001): 182–202. Also see chapter 14 in Joyce Marcus and Kent V. Flannery,
Zapotec Civilization
.

373   Andrew K. Balkansky, Verónica Pérez Rodríguez, and Stephen A. Kowalewski, “Monte Negro and the Urban Revolution in Oaxaca, Mexico,”
Latin American Antiquity
15 (2004): 33–60; Andrew K. Balkansky, “Origin and Collapse of Complex Societies in Oaxaca (Mexico): Evaluating the Era from 1965 to the Present,”
Journal of World Prehistory
12 (1998): 451–493.

376   See chapter 1 in Joyce Marcus and Kent V. Flannery,
Zapotec Civilization;
also see Joseph W. Whitecotton,
The Zapotecs: Princes, Priests, and Peasants
(University of Oklahoma Press, 1977).

378   The buildup to the Moche state is described by Brian R. Billman in “Reconstructing Prehistoric Political Economies and Cycles of Political Power in the Moche Valley, Peru,” in Brian R. Billman and Gary M. Feinman, eds.,
Settlement Pattern Studies in the Americas: Fifty Years Since Virú
(Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 1999), 131–159, and in “How Moche Rulers Came to Power: Investigating the Emergence of the Moche Political Economy,” in Jeffrey Quilter and Luis Jaime Castillo,
New Perspectives on Moche Political Organization
(Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C., 2010), 181–200. A four-level hierarchy in the Casma Valley was detected by David J. Wilson; see his
Prehispanic Settlement Patterns in the Casma Valley, North Coast of Peru
(Report to the Committee for Research and Exploration, National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C., 1995).

378   Curtiss T. Brennan, “Cerro Arena: Early Cultural Complexity and Nucleation in North Coastal Peru,”
Journal of Field Archaeology
7 (1980): 1–22. Also see Brian R. Billman, “Reconstructing Prehistoric Political Economies and Cycles of Political Power in the Moche Valley, Peru,” in Brian R. Billman and Gary M. Feinman, eds.,
Settlement Pattern Studies in the Americas
(see previous reference).

380   Early Moche work effort has been estimated by Brian R. Billman in “Reconstructing Prehistoric Political Economies and Cycles of Political Power in the Moche Valley, Peru,” in Brian R. Billman and Gary M. Feinman, eds.,
Settlement Pattern Studies in the Americas.
The placement of makers’ marks on adobe bricks is discussed by C. M. Hastings and M. E. Moseley in “The Adobes of Huaca del Sol and Huaca de la Luna,”
American Antiquity
40 (1975): 196–203.

380   Walter Alva and Christopher B. Donnan,
Royal Tombs of Sipán
(Fowler Museum of Culture History, UCLA, Los Angeles, 1993).

383   Christopher B. Donnan and Donna McClelland,
Moche Fineline Painting: Its Evolution and Its Artists
(Fowler Museum of Cultural History, UCLA, Los Angeles, 1999); Christopher B. Donnan, “Archaeological Confirmation of a Moche Ceremony,”
Indiana
10 (1985): 371–381; Christopher B. Donnan and Luis Jaime Castillo, “Finding the Tomb of a Moche Priestess,”
Archaeology
45 (1992): 38–42.

384   Norman Hammond, ed., in
Cuello: An Early Maya Community in Belize
(Cambridge University Press, 1991), discusses mass graves of Maya warriors.

384   Nakbe is discussed by Richard D. Hansen in “The First Cities—The Beginnings of Urbanization and State Formation in the Maya Lowlands,” in Nikolai Grube, ed.,
Maya: Divine Kings of the Rain Forest
(Könemann, Cologne, Germany, 2001), 50–65, and in “Continuity and Disjunction: The Preclassic Antecedents of Classic Maya Architecture,” in Stephen D. Houston, ed.,
Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture
(Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C., 1998), 49–122. See also Joyce Marcus, “Recent Advances in Maya Archaeology,”
Journal of Archaeological Research
11 (2003): 71–148.

385   The road system linking El Mirador to other centers is discussed by William J. Folan, Joyce Marcus, and W. Frank Miller in “Verification of a Maya Settlement Model through Remote Sensing,”
Cambridge Archaeological Journal
5 (1995): 277–283, and in William J. Folan et al., “Los Caminos de Calakmul, Campeche,”
Ancient Mesoamerica
12 (2001): 293–298.

385   El Mirador’s monumental buildings are discussed in Richard D. Hansen, “The First Cities—The Beginnings of Urbanization and State Formation in the Maya Lowlands,” in Nikolai Grube, ed.,
Maya: Divine Kings of the Rain Forest,
50–65, and in Robert J. Sharer and Loa Traxler,
The Ancient Maya
(Stanford University Press, 2006).

386   William J. Folan et al., “Calakmul: New Data from an Ancient Maya Capital in Campeche, Mexico,”
Latin American Antiquity
6 (1995): 310–334; Joyce Marcus, “The Inscriptions of Calakmul: Royal Marriage at a Maya City in Campeche, Mexico,”
Technical Report
21 (Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1987); William J. Folan, Joyce Marcus, and W. Frank Miller, “Verification of a Maya Settlement Model through Remote Sensing” (see previous reference); Joyce Marcus, “Recent Advances in Maya Archaeology”; Joyce Marcus, “Maya Political Cycling and the Story of the Kaan Polity,” in
The Ancient Maya of Mexico: Reinterpreting the Past of the Northern Maya Lowlands,
edited by Geoffrey E. Braswell (Equinox Press, London, England, 2011); Richard D. Hansen, Wayne K. Howell, and Stanley P. Guenter, “Forgotten Structures, Haunted Houses, and Occupied Hearts,” in Travis W. Stanton and Aline Magnoni, eds.,
Ruins of the Past: The Use and Perception of Abandoned Structures in the Maya Lowlands
(University Press of Colorado, Boulder, 2008), 25–64.

388   William J. Folan et al., in “Calakmul: New Data from an Ancient Maya Capital in Campeche, Mexico,”
Latin American Antiquity
6 (1995):310-334, discuss the tomb in Calakmul’s palace. See also Sophia Pincemin, “Entierro en el Palacio: La Tumba de la Estructura III de Calakmul, Campeche,”
Colección Arqueología
5 (Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Mexico, 1994).

389   The rivalry of Calakmul and Tikal is discussed in Joyce Marcus, “Calakmul y su Papel en el Origen del Estado Maya,”
Los Investigadores de la Cultura Maya
12: 14–31 (Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Mexico, 2004); Simon Martin and Nikolai Grube,
Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya, Second Edition
(Thames and Hudson, London, 2008); Simon Martin, “In Line of the Founder: A View of Dynastic Politics at Tikal,” in Jeremy A. Sabloff, ed.,
Tikal: Dynasties, Foreigners & Affairs of State
(SAR Press, Santa Fe, N.Mex., 2003), 3–45; Joyce Marcus, “Recent Advances in Maya Archaeology.”

390   Spanish eyewitness accounts of Maya society are discussed in Ralph L. Roys, “The Indian Background of Colonial Yucatan,”
Publication
548 (Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C., 1943); Ralph L. Roys, “Lowland Maya Society at Spanish Contact,” in Robert Wauchope and Gordon R. Willey, eds.,
Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 3
(University of Texas Press, 1965), 659–678; Matthew Restall,
The Maya World: Yucatec Culture and Society 1550–1850
(Stanford University Press, 1997); Alfred M. Tozzer, “Landa’s Relación de Las Cosas de Yucatán,”
Paper
18 (Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, 1941).

390   Royal Maya women are discussed by Tatiana Proskouriakoff in “Portraits of Women in Maya Art,” in Samuel K. Lothrop et al., eds.,
Essays in Precolumbian Art and Archaeology
(Harvard University Press, 1961), 81–99; also see Joyce Marcus, “Breaking the Glass Ceiling: The Strategies of Royal Women in Ancient States,” in Cecelia F. Klein, ed.,
Gender in Pre-Hispanic America
(Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C., 2001), 305–340; Carolyn E. Tate,
Yaxchilan: The Design of a Maya Ceremonial City
(University of Texas Press, 1992).

390   Prisoner taking by Maya nobles is discussed by Tatiana Proskouriakoff in “Historical Data in the Inscriptions of Yaxchilan, Part II,”
Estudios de Cultura Maya
4 (1964): 177–201; also see Joyce Marcus, “Mesoamerica: Scripts,” in Peter T. Daniels, ed.,
Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Second Edition,
vol. 8 (Elsevier Press, San Diego, 2006), 16–25; Silvia Trejo, ed.,
La Guerra entre Los Antiguos Mayas: Memoria de la Primera Mesa Redonda de Palenque
(CONACULTA and INAH, Mexico City, 2000).